female juvenile crime Essay -- essays research papers

Traditionally, there has been little research on or interest in the trespass of female crime in modern society. In addition, juvenile crime rates are on the rise, which combine for a void of research or information on female juvenile offenders. In general, crime rates for women offenders have risen since the 1990s. Increasing numbers of young women are also anger at higher rates. In a 1996 U.S. Department of Justice Report, the number of arrests of young women had doubled between 1989 and 1993. Twenty percent of all juvenile arrests were connected by girls, an increase of 87 percent. However, according to The National Study of Delinquency Prevention in Schools, males are far more likely to admit to savage involvement than are females. For example, 12 percent of males and 4 percent of females reported carrying a hidden weapon other than a pocketknife in the prehistoric year (Wilson, p.150). There are several theories for this rise in crime proposed by modern feminists, including that the introduction of women into traditional male roles prompted women to commit increasingly heavy and violent crimes. However, this paper will rely on Meda Chesney-Linds theories from The Female Offender.      First, Chesney-Lind points out that research on female offenders in general is lacking, and that victimization plays a reveal role in the offending of women. "Responses must address a world that has been unfair to women and especially those of color and pover...

Advertisement Coursework - Volkswagen Golf Essay -- Business Marketing

Missing Image/ advertisingImageThis advertisement has been created to promote the Volkswagen Golf Gt to an environmentally favourable audience. It achieves this by using the powerful apposition of a peaceful image contrasting with a dark and violent scene. To supercharge this contrast, the advertiser has placed the car directly in the center. This implies there argon two very different personalities to the car. Effectively personifying the car.Upon further examination of the image, we see varied features. On the dark gradient, we see a covered moon. This may be used to convey a sense of secret or possibly to give the impression that the car is a beast. This relates to the classic movie-image of werewolves with the full moon. We interpret this as the car appears peaceful on the solar day side of the image. Yet, on the night side, it has attracted the violent wildlife. The beast image is further reinforced with the lack of a number one wood within the vehicle supporting the pers onification.This leads onto examining the landscape. We see that it is rocky, which should solicitation to a more adventurous audience. This is because the advert is trying to say the car can handle the uncouth environment. The horror image is again supported imputable to the dimly lit area. With this, the audience only has the ability to view outlines of the scene. This includes the wolves prowling as if they are preparing to strike the car. To equilibrate this, the car?s headlights are on to dumbfound across a feeling of safety to the audience.Moving on. In direct contrast with the night side, the day side would appeal to the more environmentally friendly audience. Unlike the wolves, the deer and squirrel are not startled by the car. They continue to follow their natural routine, un... ..., to emphasise. Linking fundament to the verbal schoolbook, the statement uses capital letters at the seed of each word as a makeshift status symbol. As English readers leave alone finis h at the get across right of the advert. This is where the graphic designer has placed the company logo. This is to leave a lasting impression on the audience so they mark who created the advert.There is one final piece of text on the advert. This is the legal obligation of the specifications. This is because the law now states that advertisers have to specify exactly what the product is. So this has been placed outside the border on the bottom of the advert. This is because the designer would not want it interfering with the image or the other text. This section has an asterix at the beginning as it is an explanation. This means there is another someplace on the page that connects to the explanation. Advertisement Coursework - Volkswagen Golf Essay -- Business MarketingMissing Image/AdvertisementImageThis advertisement has been created to promote the Volkswagen Golf Gt to an environmentally friendly audience. It achieves this by using the powerful juxtaposition of a peaceful image contrasting with a dark and violent scene. To further this contrast, the advertiser has placed the car directly in the center. This implies there are two very different personalities to the car. Effectively personifying the car.Upon further examination of the image, we see varied features. On the dark side, we see a covered moon. This may be used to convey a sense of mystery or possibly to give the impression that the car is a beast. This relates to the classic movie-image of werewolves with the full moon. We interpret this as the car appears peaceful on the day side of the image. Yet, on the night side, it has attracted the violent wildlife. The beast image is further reinforced with the lack of a driver within the vehicle supporting the personification.This leads onto examining the landscape. We see that it is rocky, which should appeal to a more adventurous audience. This is because the advert is trying to say the car can handle the rough environment. The horr or image is again supported due to the dimly lit area. With this, the audience only has the ability to view outlines of the scene. This includes the wolves prowling as if they are preparing to strike the car. To balance this, the car?s headlights are on to get across a feeling of safety to the audience.Moving on. In direct contrast with the night side, the day side would appeal to the more environmentally friendly audience. Unlike the wolves, the deer and squirrel are not startled by the car. They continue to follow their natural routine, un... ..., to emphasise. Linking back to the verbal text, the statement uses capital letters at the beginning of each word as a makeshift status symbol. As English readers will finish at the bottom right of the advert. This is where the designer has placed the company logo. This is to leave a lasting impression on the audience so they remember who created the advert.There is one final piece of text on the advert. This is the legal obligation of th e specifications. This is because the law now states that advertisers have to specify exactly what the product is. So this has been placed outside the border on the bottom of the advert. This is because the designer would not want it interfering with the image or the other text. This section has an asterix at the beginning as it is an explanation. This means there is another somewhere on the page that connects to the explanation.

An Icon to Remember :: Essays Papers

An Icon to RememberDuring the Late Byzantium Period a new burst of creative energy grasped the Russian artists. More artists emerged as Russians became increasingly interested in art. Earlier in the Byzantium Period art that had to do with religious worship, like statues and any religious imagery throughout the empire, was destroy under Leo III in iconoclasm (Kleiner and Mamiya 326). This era lasted nearly one hundred years. During this period icon painting became very popular. These paintings are small portable paintings depicting Christ, the Virgin, or Saints (Kleiner and Mamiya 342). One of the most famous and influential icon artists to come about during this time was Audrei Rublev. In ca.1410 he designed his masterpiece, the Old volition Trinity (Figure 1), one of the most beautiful and popular icon paintings in Russia. Rublevs Old Testament Trinity was a very spiritual and an important icon painting during the fifteenth century. Audrei Rublev was born in ca.1360 and was known as a Russian painter and monk (Rublev 304). He was so spectacular that his take to the woods had a profound influence on the development of Russian art overall. His paintings usually attributed to a more linear quality (Rublev 304-305). Rublev worked beside Theophanes the Greek and Prokhor from Gorodets, whom may guide been his teachers, in painting the Cathedral of the Annunciation and also with the icon painter Daniil Chorny (Hamilton 93). Although there is very little background known of his life, his first appearance was in 1405(Hamilton 93). Audrei Rublev passed most of the remainder of his life in the Andronikov Monastery, where he is now buried (Rublev 304). He lived to be seventy and died in ca.1430. Audrei Rublev was one of the greatest icon painters for Russia during the philia Ages. The Old Testament Trinity was dedicated to Saint Sergius Radonezhsky c.1411 (Rublev 305). It was found in 1918 in a storeroom near the Cathedral of the Dormition. Although having severe and irreparable suffering enough remains. The painting depicts three angels that are in silent communication with each other, seated around an altar table with a chalice that indicates the depicted object of their contemplation is self-sacrifice (Art Treasures in Russia 61). The central figure, God the Father, is further back then his companions, God the Son on the left and the Holy Spirit on the right.

Attending Melba Beals Event Essay -- Civil Rights Little Rock Nine

I attended an event commemorating a very gallant womans actions. Civil rights activist Melba Beals, author of Warriors Dont Cry, was one of the Little Rock Nine who helped to integrate an all-white Arkansas public amply school in 1957. However, this was not a very easy task. She attended school amidst constant harassment, violence, and threats. Her efforts helped shape the civil rights movement and earned her Americas top civilian honor, the Congressional Gold Medal. I found her to be very inspiring, witty, and brave. The event allowed us to hear her perspective on growing up at such a volatile time, and to learn about her unique and rich past. This event was held in the Illini Union, a building on the University of Illinois campus where students and faculty work, study, and relax. very(prenominal) often events such as this one are held to add a diverse flavor and special treat to the already enriching university. This presentation was held in the dance palace on the second floor. This room is a beautifully decorated large hall where many various events take place from dances to speeches. The fact that the event was held in this room shows the importance of Melba and the seating needed to accommodate such a large-scale event. The event was extremely crowded, and many different nationalities and cultures were represented, which was quite surprising to me. I would have imagined only finding African-Americans and whites at an event desire this, but to my surprise almost every culture was represented in the audience. Through elaborate observation I noticed that the composition of the audience was mainly female, college and middle aged. I did notice that there were many families that came together, which was very nice... .... It made me proud of them and for them. From go to this lecture I have a greater sense of appreciation for all the women of color who have made a difference, because now I last how many obstacles they had to o vercome to achieve their goal. After seeing her speak I felt extremely enriched and honored to have had the chance to hear someone like her speak in front of me. I felt a sense of pride for her. It was an odd moment. I felt like I was directly committed to her as well as to everything that she was saying. I could feel her pain, sorrow, triumph, and happiness all at once. It is not everyday that someone attempts to de-segregate their high school at a time when African-American people had no right to do something like this whatsoever. I am very much looking forward to reading her control now. I am very interested in finding more out about her life.

Use of Dialogue in The Sun Also Rises :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

Use of Dialogue in The Sun Also Rises   The remarkable function about the book was its liberal use of negotiation and how Hemingway used it to carry the reader through the book. there was no plot in the book in the sense that there was no twists, intrigue, or goals for any of the characters and the dialogue was the only thing that moved the reader through the book. Hemingway used so much dialogue that it was difficult at times to follow who was saying what, but I believe this didnt matter because any of the characters, except for maybe Jake, could have been carrying on those conversations.   I say anyone except Jake because he was different than all the other characters in more ways than just being the narrator. He obviously had received a wound from W.W.I that caused him to be sexually scarred and thus set him apart from anyone else. Jake seemed to be an observer who was watching the lives of his friends unfold and happen around him, but without his participati on. I read that Hemingway had purposely re-written the book in first person and this was probably to spell out that Jake was an observer and was thus aware of what was written on the pages. There is a scene towards the end of the book where Jake finds all of his friends eating at a restaurant and thinks to himself that he is too far behind to catch up. Jake always seems behind, or at least only a marginal player put so in his position because of his injury. He must have had transaction with Brett before the injury and was a player before it, so this leads to the assumption that Jake purposely removed himself from being a participant.   As I was reading I was trying to make connections and read into the story to try

Conformity and Fear in Self-Reliance :: Self Reliance Essays

 Conformity and Fear in Self-Reliance     The quote that most provoked legal opinion and emotion from within me comes from the hit Self-Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson. To be great is to be misunderstood was used by Emerson to explain the lagging growth of the conception of ideas and thoughts of his  generation. Original and novel ideas were detested by conservatives  who believed the best method for learning was by repetition and  memorization of proven classics written by previous generations.  The continuing timelessness of his quote is legato in effect today  as the scientific community has evolved to accept unaccustomed  theories, yet encounters difficulty when relating to the public new and extreme ideas that rebut the system.          In history, the results of individualism has been spread sphere wide. Important leaders, thinkers, and philosophers with radical  ideas in virgin areas of research were making significant finds  rapidly. Yet progress was slowed by short-sighted men who failed to see greatness.          Aberham Lincoln was a revolutionary in his time with his views on slavery and forgiveness of the South. Yet his death was the  result of one mans refusal to accept what was once a proud and  rich land reduced to tatters- left to ruin because of her failure  to accept civil reform.          Herman Melvilles work in Moby Dick was considered a classic,  yet Melville died a figure with lost prestige, poor and unaccepted. When he was laid to rest in 1891, he was remembered only as the  author of entertaining novels of the South Seas. It was not until   mid-twenties when his place in Americas foremost writers was assured. His works are now great masterpieces of emotion that were misunderstood while he was still alive.       &nb sp  Another important usage is democracy. In medieval times,  monarchies and kingdoms ruled the land. Today, the monarch is  merely a figurehead behind the power of democracy. At the birth of  the democratic rise of the United States of America, the colonists  were thought of as upstart fools- dreamers believing the  impossible. English royalists were aghast at the indignation of the colonies to separate from England and form their own country. In  present day, the United States is the sole world power, a great

Racism & Freedom Writers

When I was indicant the section of Racism in Multicultural Class, the facilitators look of handling the subject Racism reminds me Freedom Writers the movie, which is based on a book of Erin Gruwell -a new teacher at Woodrow Wilson High School in prospicient Beach. She chose the school because of its integration program, but she did not expect a class consist of students who have racist problem. Students splitted into different racial groups, who are ready for fighting, hatred each other, but also they hate Erin more than anybody else.On the other hand, senior teachers of the school just ignored the students and they did not make an effort to pave for understand racist problems. Somehow teachers believed that students come to school because of their parents insistency and they are not eager to study. Actually, teachers did not want to budge from their privileged positions. When Erin attempted to take a step for the good of students, she is told to do just her job train them discip line and to obey the rules.Instead being a commanding teacher, Erin wanted to provide a dependable space for students to express their feeling, so she asked them to write their own diaries as an assignment, which is not graded. Despite all the resistance, students started to develop trust to her and wrote everything about what it feels to be other. afterwards they share their narratives and started to communicate with each other.They develop more sensitiveness and interest to other ethnicities by engaging class activities such as visiting the Museum Of Tolerance, and reading the stories from history The Diary of Anne Frank. Erin was happy to see the transformation of them. Before, the students did not have any motivation to success and refuse to interact with other groups because of they do not have hope, but after they develop awareness about tolerance and importance of each life. Erin gave these children what they are not offered before. Respect is the key of the racism problems .

Will lowering the drinking age solve the problem

potable on College Campuses Beer bongs, keg stands, and a million new drinks to discover, these are what college is altogether more or less. First-year students are introduced to a whole new world of parties that last until 3 a. m. and intoxication beer for the usual breakfast. The week consists of concentrating on school for about 4 days of the week and partying 3 days. The money that was supposed to go towards books and gas to get home has been hoarded for the latest beer track down or was used to get into the bar. This trend is getting into the habit of tipsiness as you enter college it seems the two go hand in hand.It has become a rite of passage that weaved its way into the introduction of university life (National Institute, October 2002). Those students who never drank in high school seem to think crapulence is suddenly okay when they start studying for their bachelors degree. This addition of responsibility is then balanced by the bend of partying. It seems completel y absurd that students choose to drink while investing around $20,000 a year in school. It all starts at high school graduation. Drinking is suddenly endorsed, or protested less, by parents, coaches, adults, organizations, and businesses.When seniors in high school finally graduate, it is common for a party to be thrown in their honor. Some of these parties intromit alcohol, and we potbelly be pretty sure it wasnt bought by the graduate unless they flunked a few times and are of legal age. Parents, other adults, and older friends supply the liquor and beer for the underage partiers. When the graduates make the next major step in their life and head for college, they are confronted with many opportunities to get hammered, sloshed, annihilated, drunk, inebriated, intoxicated, wasted, and totally smashed.Other college students re eager to encourage their young, new friends out by taking them for a trip to the liquor store. Since some bars are legal to those over the age of eighteen , its not a problem getting served there either. The 21 year-olds are conveniently stamped for minors looking to spot a potential buyer. Since a minor isnt worried about getting served, the most apparent problem is getting to the bar. One setting of this national trend can be studied locally. At Buena Vista University, these analogous events occur, plus additional more specific examples.At BVU, thanks to student organizations and funding from the college, there is a free ide for all. The drunk bus is a means of transport supplied by the university and Student Senate, an important organization on campus. This form of transportation is common on a variety ot campuses. Visitors ot The University ot Iowa can see they have buses run all day for classes, and they continue into the night to bring students to and from the bar. The driver at Iowa even sets up a disco ball and funky lights to make the driveway more enjoyable for his late-night friends.The free ride is also a form of suppor t for those consuming alcohol. Advertisements for drinking are all over residence halls. The election of wallpaper in many dorm rooms consists of beer boxes and fluorescent Budweiser lights. Beer and liquor bottles are a usual decoration in most dorms theyre used as vases, piggy banks, candle holders, and candy dishes. Each time you walk by a dorm room, you see these things like a giant billboard in Times Square. For a student athlete, a game-winning shot could get him/her a free spirit at the local bar.Fans, bar owners, coaches, athletic directors, teammates, and parents have all been seen rewarding the athletes with toasts and celebration shots. These same oasts are given to college students on their birthdays, no matter how old they are. Fraternities and sororities also bring a drinking factor to colleges. They are known more commonly for their parties and ability to drink, than their community service and GPAs. Even though we dont have them on our campus, they are apparent at t he majority of colleges and universities across America.The frats are known for their very popular gatherings where binge drinking is rewarded, and hardly anyone is sober. Sororities are known to attend these parties and Join in the festivities. Another factor that proves that college and drinking go hand in hand is the abrupt end of this behavior for most after college graduation. Most students buckle down for graduate school or the beginning of their career. This excessive drinking pattern does not continue. The tragedies occur when the drinking becomes out of hand.Some drinkers get into a habit of binge drinking. This has been defined as drinking to get drunk (Center for Science, March 2000). Binge drinking leads to passing out, blacking out, memory loss, and injury due to loss of mobility. Unusual and outrageous behavior can get you removed from your university. Even if a student doesnt normally act in mischievous ways, this behavior cannot be excused because of the influence o f alcohol. Getting in trouble with the law goes on your public record.Around 11 percent of college student drinkers say they have damaged someones property while drinking, and 5 percent of a college campus will be involved with the police or campus security due to drinking (A Snapshot of Annual High-Risk College Drinking Consequences, 2002). Other alcohol link charges include public intoxication, minor in possession, driving under the influence, operating while intoxicated, indecent exposure, resisting rrest, interference with official duties, assaulting an officer, and disorderly conduct.

Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans on French Revolution

Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans on french transmutation The Federalists cute to remain neutral regarding the issue of French Revolution in order to avoid to a trade conflict with Britain. However, the Jeffersonian Republicans wanted to help France achieve independence from a cruel monarchy and help the Frenchmen support the idea of freedom just same the United States. The Federalist Party was led by Alexander Hamilton.Federalists favored a strong federal government, believed that the government should be ruled by educated, wealthy men, wanted to pay off national debt, establishing a national credit, promoted entrepreneurship & manufacturing, and interpreted the United States Constitution with an open mind. These views supported the Federalists view on the French Revolution and so did Jeffersons party. Thomas Jefferson led his party known as the Jeffersonian Republicans.The Jeffersonian Republicans supported the idea of government ruled by certain men, believed in a s trong state government, wanted to cultivate an economy by cultivating crops, and followed the U. S. Constitution verbatim. Jeffersons party too had an opinion on the French Revolution. Hamilton and Jefferson supported their partys views. The Federalists wanted to remain neutral to avoid a encourage from Britain on American goods because they were highly concerned about paid off the national debt and ensure a strong economy by exporting manufactured goods.Conversely, Jeffersonian Republicans and his leader, an author of the Declaration of Independence, supported the motif of the French Revolution and believed that the Americans should support one similar to theirs. In conclusion, the Federalist Party wanted to remain neutral regarding the issue of French Revolution to avoid a sanction from Britain. Though, the Jeffersonian Republicans supported the French citizens to remove a feudal system, revolt against a tyranny and achieve independence similar to America.

AP Ch review

Describe the Green Belt reason founded by Wangari Maathai Q)The Green Belt Movement is a movement that organizes poor women in rural Kenya to plant and protect millions of channelises in order to combat de forestation. A)Distinguish among an old- heightenth forest, a second growth forest, and a tree plantation Q)An old-growth forest is an uncut or regenerated forest that has non been seriously disturbed by human activities or inwrought disasters for several hundred days or more. Second growth forests argon stands of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession.A tree plantation is a managed forest containing only one or two species of trees that argon all of the same ages. Q)What major ecological and economic benefits do forests provide? A)Forests, through photosynthesis remove C02 from the air and convert it into oxygen. Traditional medicines habitd by 80% of the worlds population are derived mostly from plant species that are native to forests. Q)Describe the efforts of scientists and economists to put a price tag on the major ecological services provided by forests and other ecosystems.A)Scientist scram attempted to put a price tag on the major ecological services by determining the alue of each depending on our usage of it. They arrived at an estimated $33. 2 Trillion dollars per year. 3Q)Describe the harm caused by building roads into previously inaccessible forests. A)Building roads in these once untouched areas of forest result in, increased erosion and sediment runoff into piddle ways, habitat fragmentation, and loss of biodiversity. Q)Distinguish among selective cutting, clear-cutting, and strip cutting in the harvesting of trees.A)Selective cutting is when intermediate-aged or get along trees in a forest are cut singly or in small groups. Clear-cutting is when loggers remove all rees in a certain area. spoil cutting is when loggers clear cut a strip of trees along the on contour of the land within a corridor narrow enough to allow n atural forest regeneration within a few years. Q)What are the major advantages and disadvantages of clear-cutting forests? A)Some advantages of clear-cutting include higher timber yields, maximum profits in shortest time, can afforest with fast growing trees, and is good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight.Some disadvantages of clear cutting include, the reduction of biodiversity, destruction and fragmentation of wildlife habitats, and increase in water ollution, flooding, and erosion on impregnate slopes, as well as the elimination of most recreational value. Q)What are two types of forest fires? A)Two types of forest fires are excavate fires and crown fires. Q)What are some ecological benefits of occasional surface fires? A)The benefit of surface fires is that it burns up leaf litter, clearing the way for other plants to grow in that area. Q)What are four ways to reduce the harmful impacts of diseases and insects on forests?A)Four ways to reduce the harmful impac ts of diseases and insects on forests is to ban imported timber, remove or clear cut infected forests, develop trees that are enetically resistant to common tree diseases, as well as apply conventional pesticides. Q)What effect capacity projected climate change have on forests? A)The projected climate change could result in trees such as the maple tree dying, for they need low temperature weather in order to produce their sap. 4Q)What is deforestation and what parts of the world are experiencing the greatest forest losses?A)Deforestation is the temporary or permanent remotion of large expanses of forest for agriculture, settlements, or other uses. This is being used in less-developed countries, such as Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa. Q)List some major harmful environmental effects of deforestation. A)Deforestation harms the environment through the loss of biodiversity as well as the loss of C02 absorption. Q)Describe the encouraging news about deforestation in the United St ates. A)The U. S. s forests are steadily re-growing, occupying more land than they did in the 1920s Q)How serious is tropical deforestation?A)Tropical deforestation is very serious because they hold more than half of the worlds known species and in like manner absorb the most C02 from the atmosphere. Q)What are the major underlying and direct causes of tropical deforestation? A)The major underlying and direct causes of tropical deforestation are estate and settlement. 5Q)Describe four ways to manage forests more dumbfoundably. A)ldentify and protect forest areas with high biodiversity, rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting, stop clear-cutting steep slopes, as well as stop logging in old-growth forests.Q)What is certitle m e A)CertifIed timber is timber cut using environmentally sound practices. Q)What are four ways to reduce the harm to forests and to race caused by forest fires? A)Set small contained fires to remove flammable small tress and underbrush, llow some fir es to burn no public land, protect houses and other buildings in fire- prone areas, and thin forest areas vulnerable to fire. Q)What is a prescribed fire? A)A prescribed fire is one that is guardedly monitored and planned. Q)What are three ways to reduce the need to harvest trees?A)lmprove the efficiency of wood use, non-tree fibers, and not using trees as fuel for fires. Q)Describe the fuelwood crisis and list three ways to reduce it severity. A) nearly half of the wood harvested globally each year, and three-fourths of the wood harvested in less-developed countries, is used for fuel. To reduce the severity is to establish small lantations of fast-growing fuelwood trees and shrubs, flog to burning garden plant wastes, and the use of stoves and running methane. Q)What are five ways to protect tropical forests and use them more sustainably?A)We can protect the forests and use them more sustainably by protect large areas of forest, initiating debt-for-nature swaps, provision of assi stance to neighboring farmers, paying companies to keep these forests active, and individuals planting trees. Q)6. ) Distinguish between rangelands and pastures. A)A rangeland is an unfenced grasslands in restrained and tropical climates that upply forage, whereas pastures are fenced meadows usually planted with domesticated grasses or other forge crops Q)What is overgrazing and what are its harmful environmental effects?A)Overgrazing occurs when also many animals rate for too long, which damages the grasses, eventually turning the area into an almost desert. Q)Describe efforts to reduce overgrazing in the Malpai Borderlands. A)These efforts are the restoration of natural grasslands and making sure not too many animals graze at one time. Q)What are three ways to reduce overgrazing and use rangelands more sustainably? A)Fencing off overgrazed areas until they can regenerate, rangeland management, and replanting severely degraded areas with a native grass.Q)Describe the contlict am ong ranching, biodiversity protection, and urban development in the American West. A)Each group wants something that will make the other impossible, ranching for food, biodiversity protection to save the earth, and urban development for people to have places to live. Q)What major environmental threats affect national put in the world and in the United States? A)The parks are too small to sustain many large animal species, as well s people coming into parks in search for food, wood, cropland, and other natural products.Q)How could national parks in the United States be used more sustainably? A)These parks could be used more sustainably by keeping them away from urban areas, not allowing polluting vehicles, and not destroying areas of it to create paths. Q)Describe some of the ecological effects of reintroducing the gray wolf to Yellowstone National Park in the United States. A)By reintroducing gray wolves into Yellowstone, the populations of the wolfs natural prey declined, setting things backrest into natural order.Q)What percentage of the worlds land has been set aside and protected as nature reserves, and what percentage do conservation biologists believe should be protected? About 13% is protected, but at least 20% should be set aside. 8Q)How should nature reserves be knowing and attached? A)These reserves should be designed in such a way that they have a buffer zone between them and human life, so that they get the full effect of the protection, and connected to create large areas of protected land, increasing biodiversity.Q)Describe what Costa Rica has done to establish nature reserves. A)Costa Rica has ivided much of its land into megareserves, saving much of the forests, as well as creating a large economy based around tourism and ecotourism. Q)What is wilderness and why is it master(prenominal)? A)Wilderness is land officially designated as an area where natural communities have not been seriously disturbed by humans and where human activities are limited by law. It is important because they contain much of the worlds species.Q)Describe the controversy over protecting wilderness in the United States. A)This controversy is to protect forests or to develop the land for our own purposes. Q)Describe a four-point strategy for protecting ecosystems. A)This four-point system includes the mapping of the worlds planetary ecosystems, locating and protecting most endangered ecosystems and species, seeking to restore degraded ecosystems, and making development biodiversity-friendly. a s a biodiversity hotspot and why is it important to protect such areas?

Polk Company Review Essay

In this case, would it be better to use the variable or submerging costing method, and why? In this case, it would be better to use the absorption method because this method incorporates lonesome(prenominal) the budget items that is allocated to the 80,000 units sold. The variable method counts fixed overhead as a period expense, meaning that the fixed overhead for this period is calculated on the basis of the 95,000 units produced, if the absorption method is used. The absorption method only calculates fixed overhead on the basis of the 80,000 units that were sold. This provides management with a more accurate picture of the profit expertness of the fishing lures. Thus, the absorption costing method is optimal. What atomic number 18 the benefits of the two methods?Under absorption costing system, the product cost consists of all variable as well as all fixed manufacturing costs.. But when variable costing system is used, the fixed cost (both manufacturing and non-manufacturing ) is treated as a period cost and therefore is not included in the product cost. The ability to provide accurate information to management about product costs is the main benefit of the absorption method. The variable method is beneficial because it provides an output (net income) that is nearer to the cash flow of the business. This is useful in particular for businesses that might be short on cash flow. Further, the variable costing method provides management with a clearer picture of the effect that fixed costs have on the total profitability of the company (AFM, 2012). Which method would lead to the best decision when a opponent is submitting a lower bid for your product?Absorption costing is particularly useful for firms that do not sell all of their manufactured products during the accounting period, as is the case with Polk. Under absorption costing, the cost of a good is not shown until the good has been sold (Johnston, 2013). This can be a disadvantage if a passel of the goods produced are ultimately not sold, as management would still have to know the cost of those goods.

Importance of Understanding Cultural Diversity Essay

Cultural and Ethnic revolution continues to impact day to day life making diversity in the workplace more common. renewing refers to the qualities that are unalike from our own and can include race, gender, ethnic group, age, personality, background and much more. Not only does diversity involve how people identify themselves, precisely how they perceive others as well, which, in turn, can affect their interactions in a culturally diverse work environment. Accepting and sagaciousness the differences of any culture, and embracing diversity can reduce conflict and help team building in the workplace. Different voices of a diverse workforce are respected and heard (Bell, 2007, p.5).Recognizing and understanding cultural differences in the workplace is just the beginning. Subordinate groups opinions that have developed over time may cause defensive and cautious behaviors and attempting to bridge the faulting between dominant and subordinate groups could provide better communication . Managers and supervisors need to strive for a deeper knowledge and understanding of cultural differences. By establishing relationships at work with individuals different from yourself, you can begin to learn the knowledge that culture may have to offer your organization.Prejudice and prejudgment also need to be addressed including the misconceptions found on cultural values or stereotypes. For example, it may be thought that men work harder at their jobs and are more committed than women, or that junior employees have no motivation to work, or even that a Jamaican employee is lazy because of his/her laid back culture. A manager can become a role model for all employees to embrace cultural diversity in the work place by confronting these prejudgments. Managing diversity is a comprehensive managerial adjoin for developing an environment that works for all employees (Bell, 2007, p8).The majority of nursing homes have come to realize that employees from various ethnic and cultural back-grounds, as well as those of different gender can bring a completely different perspective. It is becoming more important to have an understanding of different cultural backgrounds since at that place are more and more patients being cared for in this country with very different cultural backgrounds. At the same time it is essential that the nursing unit is running smoothly and that patient care is the highest priority. Misunderstandings regarding culture or ethnic background can impact the patients care and his/her perception of treatment. there has to be a balance of different cultures, ethnicities and genders so it is important to keep in mind the importance of making the units as diverse as realizable when hiring healthcare staff. In order for employees to feel comfortable in the workplace and achieve satisfaction, education and teaching on culture and diversity is essential. Thanks to the change magnitude education among nursing staff on cultural diversity, changes ar e being seen in the nursing profession.The lefty for a day was quite a challenge. act to cook dinner, writing, doing homework was all very difficult and I was unable to use the scissors I had since they are specifically made for being advanced handed. This experience gave me more of an understanding of what it must be like for those of different cultures to adapt in new surroundings and a new appreciation for the challenges face by those that do not fit into what society considers to be normal.ReferencesBell, M. (40). Diversity in Organizations (2nd ed). Retrieved from http//devry.vitalsource.com//books/9781285700878/pages/70644609

Health Status Impact Of Income Health And Social Care Essay

The economic inquiries of my documents as a group involve the insouciant sequel of income ( or commonwealth s income ) on health position of persons. The polity relevancy of these inquiries suggests that, if truly income affects health position, so the regime should use income and health policies that atomic number 18 designed to patron ripen up individuals with low income which in bend alleviates the effects of low income hapless wellness position organism a cardinal number effect in this radical. The consummation of much(prenominal)(prenominal) policies ordain enable low income individuals gain entree to wellness attention services. Possible policies include income policies such as employment insurance that offers impermanent fiscal aid to those that are unemployed while they look for work, public assistance aid that offers fiscal assistance to those in demand of basic necessities all(prenominal) bit good as wellness insurance policy, exactly public wellness insu rance such as Medicaid for low income and destitute people.In this typography, I will be turn toing both major inquiries. The initial inquiry that I will turn to in this research is, the consequence of high income and low income on the wellness position of persons severally . It will help to verify whether individuals with really low income are at higher hazard of sing deteriorating wellness and feebleness versa. The following inquiry to be addressed is the way of causativeity between income and wellness income to wellness position or wellness position to income degree?This paper is structured as follows Section two reviews the bind The Casual Effect of Income on Health Evidence from Germ whatever Reunification by Paul Frijters et al. The authors used a big scale natural try created by the falling of the Berlin Wall and the attendant reunion of Germany to analyze the insouciant consequence of income alterations on the wellness felicity of East and western hemispher e Germans. The 3rd subdivision looks at the findings from the article, Estimating the Effect of Income on Health and Mortality Using Lottery Prizes as an Exogenous Source of wavering in Income by Mikael Lindahl. This article builds on the huge books that has established a strong positive relation between income and wellness position and a negative relation with mortality.The 4th subdivision reviews the article, Does Money Protect Health Status? Evidence from southwestward African Pensions by Anne Case. The writer uses aid income as an instrument to analyze the relationship between income and wellness. The 5th subdivision reviews the article by Jerome Adda et Al titled, The Impact of Income Shocks on Health Evidence from Cohort Data. The writer surveies the consequence of income dazes on wellness for a prime- senior(a) population. Section six examines the findings from the article, Wealthier is Healthier by Lant Prichett and Lawrence H. Summers. The writers estimated the effects of income utilizing cross-country, time-series cultivations on wellness and income per capital. The concluding subdivision of this paper provides a sum-up of thedecisions from the articles mentioned above every bit good as unreciprocated inquiries and suggestions for future research. The major countries of treatment will come from the data point, natural experiments and econometric abstractive accounts that these articles use in order to reply inquiries about the relate of income on wellness. Furthermore, the force outs and weaknesss of each(prenominal) article would be presented in each subdivision subdivision two to subdivision six.Section 2 Frijters, P. , Haisken-DeNew, J.P. , & A Shields, M.A. 2005, September. The CasualConsequence of Income on Health Evidence from Germany Reunification. journal of Health Economics, Vol. 24, no. 5 997-1017.This article investigates the causal consequence of income alterations on the wellness comfort of East and West Germans in the one-time(a) ages following reunion. The policy relevancy in this article affirms that understanding the causal pathways between income and wellness is critical for policy design aimed at bettering general wellness or contracting wellness inequalities in society ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the literature that has attempted to set up the insouciant consequence of income on wellness utilizing both cross-section(a) and longitudinal study informations. The cardinal findings in this literature are that in that respect is a weak nexus between wealth, income and wellness ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The writers used a big scale natural experiment created by the falling of the Berlin Wall and the attendant reunion of Germany in 1990, in order to better set up the causal consequence of income changed on wellness expiation ( Frijters, 2005 ) . It was widely acknowledged that the falling of the Berlin Wall was wholly unexpected by the huge bulk of East and West Germans, and resulted to a big income transportations to some all of the population of East Germany ( Frijters, 2005 ) .The information line of descent used by the writers is the German Socio-Economic Panel ( GSOEP ) between 1984 and 2002 which contains the GSOEP for East Germans and West Germans from 1990 to 2002 and 1984 to 2002 severally. The GSOEP sampled persons, aged 18 and oer this sample consisted of 46,953 individuals per year observations ( 22,641 males 24, 492 females ) on 6198 East Germans and 176,770 individuals per twelvemonth observations ( 86,773 males 24,492 females ) on 20,617 West Germans ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The manners of analysis used are fixed-effects ordinal calculator to command for unseen unmarried heterogeneousness that big businessman find both income and wellness satisfaction and causal decomposition technique to account for beautify abrasion that allows for the designation of alterations as respondents reduce out of the sa mple and new respondents enter the sample ( Frijters, 2005 ) .The equation used in the fixed-effects ordered logit theoretical account is as followsH*it = Xi, tI? + I?t + fi + Iit Hit = k i H*it I I?k, I?k+1 where H*it is the latent wellness satisfaction Hit is the ascertained wellness satisfaction Xit is the discernible time-varying features I?k denotes the kth cut-off point for the classs I?t represents the unseen time-varying general fortunes fi is an undivided fixed features and Iit is the error term that is extraneous to all features. In the econometric model, the endogenous variable, H I 0, 10 , represents an ordinal index of wellness satisfaction as evaluated by the person. This step is available for a set of persons indexed by I, where I is a figure from 1 to 10 each figure is observed every break through some immediate subset of white-haired ages indexed T, where T = 1, ..T ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The drawback of this theoretical account is that it uses a micr oscopical sum of the entire information available in the sample because the theoretical account reduces all the ordinal wellness satisfaction observations to ( 0, 1 ) . The importance of this theoretical account is that it attempts to explicate in which old ages an person had a relatively high wellness satisfaction position. A positive consequence of income would so intend that persons comparatively fitter menstruums occur when their incomes are comparatively high ( Frijters, 2005 ) .The causal decomposition theoretical account decomposes the alterations in the expected latent wellness satisfaction for males and females separately in the post-reunification extremity and besides in the pre-unification period for West Germans utilizing the estimations from the fixed-effects theoretical accounts. The entire alterations in latent wellness satisfaction was decomposed into alterations in existent nursing home income, job- link variables such as pregnancy leave, unemployed and unempl oyed, household related variables such as matrimonial position, family wellness related variables such as decease of partner, unseen single effects distribution and the unseen mean variables such as newspaper clipping parametric quantities ( Frijters, 2005 ) .The major consequence from this probe is that increased income leads to better wellness satisfaction, but the quantitative size of this consequence is really little when alterations in current income and a step of lasting income are used ( Frijters, 2005 ) . The policy deduction of these consequences is that amplification in household income improved wellness satisfaction.The strength in this article comes from the panel informations that is used the GSOEP c all overs a big sample of persons and it is a longitudinal/panel information since it compares single differences over clip which in bend strengthens the out-of-door aptitude of this reexamine. A longitudinal information is utile in foretelling long-run or cumulative effects which are commonly difficult to analyse in a cross-sectional survey. In add-on, the sample is taken over a long clip period 19 twelvemonth period which increases external cogency. Besides, the methods of analysis used are really comprehensive which put to works it one of the strengths the writer makes usage of the fixed-effects ordinal calculator to command for unseen single heterogeneousness and causal decomposition technique to account for panel. Persons in the survey were besides categorized based on socio-demographic features. An some other strength identified is within the external cogency of the survey since the writer examines a alone period Germany reunion. The Germany reunion was an ideal scene to detect the consequence of income on wellness satisfaction since this action was wholly unanticipated by the Germans. military strengths were besides frame within the inhering cogency of the survey because this survey entails an first-class natural experiment, henc e there were no biass in the manner people behaved.Failings, on the other manus come from the self-reported wellness positions which might make prejudice since it would be wicked to abandon or corroborate many claims. Last, the consequences of this survey can non be applied to other states or metropoliss since the survey was done on a alone period in Germany.Section 3 Lindahl, M. 2005. Estimating the Effect of Income on Health and Mortality UsingLottery Prizes as an Exogenous Source of Variation in Income. Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 40, no. 1 144-68.The economic inquiry that is studied by the writer is the consequence of income on wellness and mortality by utilizing information on pecuniary lottery awards to make exogenic fluctuation in income. The policy relevancy of this article involves separating an association from a insouciant relation which suggests taking in to account the effects of income policies on the wellness of persons. The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the huge literature which has established a strong positive relation between income and wellness position and a negative relation with mortality.This survey comprises of an experimental survey in which the writer uses informations sets from the Swedish Level of Living Surveys ( SLLS ) for 1968, 1974, and 1981. The SLLS follows persons across moving covers so that many persons are included in all old ages and new persons are frequently added in each moving ridge to keep a representative sample ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . An advantage of utilizing this information set is that they contain extended inquiries on wellness and the matched informations on income and decease day of the months from administrative registries it besides contains a inquiry on the sum of money won on lotteries ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . The writer uses OLS and IV theoretical accounts as the method of analysis to pot the arrested developments of wellness on mean lottery, mean income and other covariates.T he writer estimated the arrested developments of wellness in 1981 on the mean lottery award from 1969 to 1981 utilizing the succeeding(prenominal) equationHi81 = I + I?Li81,13 + I?Xit + Ai81,where Hi81 represents the assorted steps of hapless wellness in 1981 for single I Li81,13 is the mean lottery award in 1969 to 1981 Xit is a vector of demographic and household background variables every bit good as socioeconomic variables measured in 196 Ai81 denotes a random slew term. The writer controlled for socio-economic variables measured every bit early as 1968 and non subsequently because variables measured subsequently are potentially endogenous with respect to lottery awards in the lead 1969 to 1981 the dependant variable is in bad wellness ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . Subsequently, the writer estimated the OLS and IV arrested developments of wellness in 1981 on the logarithm of mean income in 1967 to 1981 utilizing the equations below( 1 ) Hi81 = I + I? log ( Ii81,15 ) + I?Xit + Ii8 1( 2 ) log ( Ii81,15 ) = aO + a1 Li81,13 + IXit + vi81,where Ii81,15 is the mean income in 1967 to 1981 Ii81 and vi81 are the random mistake footings. Harmonizing to Lindahl, the cause for bespeaking Hi81 as a map of log income are that wellness variables and log income frequently are about linearly related and that the use of log income facilitates reading. The order of the estimated income consequence is I? . Therefore if I? = 1, so a 10 per centum do-gooder in income outputs approximately 10 per centum of a standard divergence addition in good wellness, on norm ( Lindahl, 2005 ) .The chief consequences of this survey are that higher income causally generates good wellness and income is non protective against bad wellness for honest-to-god people. The writer besides found out that income causally produces fewer symptoms of hapless mental wellness and decreases the opportunity of a individual being overweight ( Lindahl, 2005 ) . The policy deductions of these consequences is that income redistribution had a positive consequence on wellness position.After a clear reappraisal of this article, it is evident that it exhibits both strengths and failing. The strengths of this article prevarication in the beginning of informations utilised ( SLLS ) since it follows persons across moving ridges so that many persons are included in all old ages and new persons are frequently added in each moving ridge to keep a representative sample. Strengths are found in the information beginning used since it contained extended inquiries on wellness and matched informations on income and decease position from revenue enhancement registries. Another strength identified is the method of analysis used the manner in which mean disposable household income is calculated, the appraisal of wellness arrested developments on mean lottery award every bit good as the OLS and IV appraisal of wellness arrested developments on the logarithm of mean income. The writer besides controlled fo r several confusing variables such as the socio-economic variables and the standardised index of bad wellness in order to forestall prejudice in appraisal.One major failing of this article is found in the internal cogency of the survey in that the informations beginning covers a little clip period merely three periods hence it is difficult brand generalisations. Another failing is that the figure of single in the survey is unknown hence it is hard to besides do generalisations. Similar to other articles, failings besides come from the self-reported wellness positions.Section 4 Case, A. 2001, October. Does Money Protect Health Status? Evidence from atomic number 16African Pensions. National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, NBER work Documents 8495, 1-32.The writer quantifies the impact of a big, exogenic addition in income on wellness position that is associated with the South African province old age pension. The province old pension was originally intended as a safety cybe rspace for Whites who reached retirement age without an equal employment-based pension pension payments were bit by bit equalized across all racial groups during the decomposition of the Apartheid government in the early 1990s. This province old age pension constitutes an first-class natural experiment in South Africa because those who possessd this income neer expected it when they were younger and when the apartheid was still strong, therefore it represents an exogenic addition in income similar to lottery profitss ( Dr. Dooley ) . A 3rd of families in South Africa have at least one pensionary and the return up of the pension is really high. On norm, adult females aged 60 or above and work forces aged 65 or above by and large receive the full sum of the pension if they do non hold a private pension. The take-up rate for the province pension is approximately 80 % for inkinesss and coloured. For Whites, who are by and large covered by private pensions, the take-up rate is less tha n 10 % .The policy relevancy of this article involves pensions that are designed by the authorities for individuals that have retired or are of old age when they are no longer gaining a regular income from employment. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this paper builds is that socioeconomic position has a big impact on wellness results.The information beginning used is the Langeberg study which asks information on persons wellness, mental wellness, societal connection and economic position. This study was run in 1999 on racially stratified random sample inkinesss, coloureds and Whites of 300 families ( 1300 persons ) in the Langeberg wellness territory ( Case, 2001 ) . The information used is cross-sectional one since it interviews persons at one point in clip ( 1999 ) to compare differences amongst them. The study was developed over a four twelvemonth period and was the joint merchandise of assorted research workers at the University of Capetown, South Africa that included economic experts, geriatrician, doctors and public wellness experts ( Case, 2001 ) . The study consisted of four faculties the first might was a family cleverness which collected information from the individual in the family identified as most knowing about how income is spent by the family . The following power was for younger grownups, aged 18 to 54, which collected information on work histories, net incomes, wellness position and societal connection. The 3rd faculty was for older grownup, aged 55 or greater which asked extra inquiries on the activities of day-to-day tone and about South Africa s alone old age pension. The 4th faculty collected information on vaccinums from kids s wellness cards and information on breastfeeding patterns every bit good as the weights and highs of the kids ( Case, 2001 ) .The writer uses ordered probits of self-reported wellness position as a method of appraisal to analyze the consequence of pension income on wellness position. Order ed probits fundamentally assumes that rankings of wellness positions are important but central differences are non meaningful ( Dr. Dooley ) . For illustration, if an single rates his wellness on a graduated table of 5 and another rates his wellness on a graduated table of 1 5 being first-class wellness and 1 being really hapless wellness it does non incriminate that the person is 5 times as healthier than the 1 who ranks his wellness as really hapless.The chief determination from this survey is that income, in the signifier of an old age pension, improves the wellness position of all family members, in families that pool income ( Case, 2001 ) . The policy deduction of this consequence is that there is a true consequence of pension income on kid wellness. Hence, authoritiess should see hard currency transportations as one means of bettering child wellness.The strength of this paper is evident in the type of study it uses because it interviewed persons individually in order pull out private information to which other family members do non hold entree. Another strength is that the study is designed by impregnable governments which make the study reliable. Besides, the study took into history assorted races such as inkinesss, Whites and coloured and controlled for assorted confusing variables such as sex, race, age and figure of pensionaries that could make prejudices in the consequences. Furthermore, for the intent of comparing, the writer presented ordered orbits for inkinesss, Whites and coloured in the U.S, utilizing informations from the National Health Interview Survey ( NHIS ) from 1986-1995. Hence, the findings from this survey can be applicable to U.S.A. In add-on, strengths were found in the clip period for the Langeburg study because it was run 9 old ages from the clip the apartheid ended in 1990. This implies that most of the pensionaries neer expected such a good pension. Therefore, this represents a genuinely exogenic addition in old age inco me like winning a lottery and shows a causal consequence of an addition in income. Similar to the article above, strengths were besides found within the internal cogency of the survey because the survey entails an first-class natural experiment hence there were no prejudices in the manner people behaved.However, failings are seen in the study used because it samples a little figure of persons ( 1300 persons ) . Second, the information was self-reported, therefore they might hold been misreport which makes it hard to corroborate or deny many claims. Failings are besides found in the external cogency of this survey since the consequences from this survey may non be representative of other countries of South Africa and other states in Africa or the wider developing universe because South Africa is an exceeding society. Another major failing of this article is the job of gauging the impact of income on kid wellness due to omitted variables such as rearing accomplishments. Besides, the writer did non do usage of a panel information which helps to reply inquiries about the kineticss of alteration.Section 5 Adda, J. , Gaudekcer, H. , & A Banks, J. 2006, December 18. The Impact of IncomeDazes on Health Evidence from Cohort Data. Institute for Fiscal Studies, IFS Working Documents W07/05, 32, 1-32.This article surveies the consequence of lasting income inventions ( dazes ) on wellness for a prime-aged population with peculiar focal point on the consequence of income dazes on wellness over the life-cycle. Income shocks signify alterations in the income of cohorts to bring out causal effects of income dazes on wellness. The policy relevancy of this article is the extent to which income policies really lead to betterments in wellness position. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this article builds is that those with greater degrees of economic resources have better wellness.The information beginnings used are three different cross-sectional studies that sampled more than half a million persons over a 25 twelvemonth period ( 1978 to 2003 ) and reported expound information on person s wellness ( both subjective and nonsubjective steps ) , wellness behaviors, income, outgo and socio-economic factors ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . The first study is The Family Expenditure Survey ( FES ) which contains elaborate information on family and ingestion. This information covers the period from 1978 to 2003 and the sample size consists of 148,517 persons. The 2nd study is The General Household Survey ( GHS ) which contain inquiries on wellness steps and hazard behaviors it covers the period from 1971 to 2003. The 3rd study, The Health Survey for England ( HSE ) unlike the old two, sampled a little figure of people and covers a little clip period from 1991 to 2003 ( Jerome et al, 2005 ) .The writer estimates the consequence of income dazes on wellness over the life-cycle by stipulating an single dynamic theoretical account of both income and wellnes s which allows for the decomposition of wellness and income dazes into transitory and lasting 1s. The writer allows for a non-linear relationship between income and wellness at single degree. The writer theoretical accounts income and wellness as stochastic procedures that evolve over the lifecycle and uses collection method to place lasting dazes to income by utilizing man-made cohort informations followed for up to 25 old ages ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . An advantage of utilizing the man-made cohort informations is that it helps to work a wealth of informations with elaborate information on both income and many wellness results because it allows the combination of assorted datasets ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . In order to pattern the stochastic procedure for single income, the writer uses the undermentioned equationYit = Yi, t-1 + ( 1 Liter ) uit + vit,where Yit represents income, L denotes the lag-operator and mistake footings are denoted by uit and vit. Likewise, to pattern the stochastic procedure of single wellness, the writer treats wellness as a uni-dimensional stock variable and augments it with an individual-specific attack for coherence grounds. The methods of appraisal used by the writers consisted of several stairss the first measure was to regress the wellness and income variables on a desirable set of regressors capturing cohort and age effects, the 2nd measure was to utilize the first-differences remainders and the last was to utilize the GMM technique ( Adda et al, 2005 ) .The chief consequence from this survey is that, income dazes has small effects on wellness position, but do affect wellness behaviors ( such as eating wonts ) and mortality ( Adda et al, 2005 ) . The policy deduction of these consequences provides grounds that lasting income dazes lead to poorer wellness behavior and no grounds that it straight affects wellness steps ( such as blood force per unit area ) .Clearly, the strength of this article is found in the information beginning us ed since it covers the life-cycle a 25 twelvemonth period from 1978 to 2003 and studies comprehensive information about the persons in survey. Second, strengths are found in the internal cogency of this survey such that the study samples a big figure of persons more than half a million persons. Third, the studies used are gotten from two states U.S and England which helps for comparing, pertinence and generalisation.Conversely, failing of this article comes from the methods of appraisal because it is really ill-defined and hard to understand. For illustration, the writer does non supply the significance for the GMM technique. Failings are besides seen from the self-reported wellness position which might make prejudice in the consequences because persons might supply incorrect information. Besides, this survey is an experimental survey which involves a strictly descriptive informations therefore it does non do any anticipations sing creator. Weaknesses besides root from the absen ce of a panel information that compares differences amongst persons overtime and are peculiarly utile in replying inquiries about the kineticss of alteration. The usage of a panel information will plain up the external cogency of this survey.Section 6 Pritchett, L. , & A Summers, L.H. , 1996. Wealthier is Healthier. Journal of HumanResources, Vol. 31 no. 4 841-68.The writers of this article examine the consequence of income on wellness utilizing cross-country, clip series informations on wellness ( infant and child mortality and life anticipation ) and per capita income. The policy relevancy of this article involves increasing a state s per capital income to see its consequence on kid wellness. The cardinal literature on which this article builds is the 1 that has estimated an income-health relationship utilizing cross-national informations. The cardinal findings in the literature on which this article builds is similar to the consequences gotten in this survey but the research workers who conducted these surveies were unable to turn to issues of causality ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) .The information beginning used is the 1 at five-year intervals over the period from 1960 up to 1985, for a upper limit of five observations per state ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . The writer uses the OLS and IV theoretical accounts as the method of appraisal the OLS consequences on infant mortality was foremost reported and so the hardiness of the OLS estimates with regard to fluctuations of timing of observation, informations quality and income comment were verified. The IV estimations for infant mortality for a individual specification and sample was besides reported. Similarly, OLS and IV estimations for entire kid ( under 5 ) mortality and life anticipation were accounted for ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) . The writer estimated the five twelvemonth log differences for states with GDP per capita below $ 6000 utilizing observations for the old ages 1960 to 1985. The writer utilis ed instrumental variables as an appraisal scheme to place the causal consequence of income on wellness. Instrumental variables in this context are variables that are non influenced by an unseen variable suspected to be doing both income festering and wellness betterment ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) .The chief decision of this survey is that additions in state s income raises wellness position ( Prichett et al, 1996 ) . The policy deduction of this consequence is that much of the betterment in kid wellness is due to the acceptance of low-priced intercessions that exists for cut downing infant mortality non attributable to income alterations. Hence, these low-priced intercessions should be implemented along with income policies for overall betterment in child wellness.The strengths of this article prevarication in the information beginning since it covers a long clip period from 1960 to 1985 utilizing a five-year interval. Strength comes from the writer s usage of instrumental variables and other health-status indexs such as mortality and life anticipation. Instrumental variables are determiners of income growing but exogenic with regard to wellness. The importance of utilizing mortality as an index of wellness position is that, it is available for a big figure of old ages and states ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . Furthermore, it avoids the potentially more terrible verso causing jobs associated with the relationship between grownup wellness and income growing ( Pritchett et al, 1996 ) . Another strength found was that confusing variables such as instruction and income were controlled for so as to forestall prejudice in appraisal. The failing of this article is that it does non supply information about socio-demographic features of persons and does non stipulate the figure of persons in the survey. In add-on, some of the information beginnings discussed in this article did non come from dependable beginnings.Section 7 Drumhead, Unanswered Questions, and Suggestions f or Future ResearchHaving evaluated the findings and decision in these articles, we see that the overall decisions in these articles are that income has a important impact on wellness position. Given that the five articles utilised different appraisal methods every bit good as dissimilar explanatory variables, it is hard to learn on the overall effectivity of the policies involved in these articles. Measuring the articles separately, Case Anne used pension income as an instrument to analyze the relationship between income and wellness position. He found out that pension income improved the wellness position of all persons in the family that pool income. This provided the grounds that there is a true consequence of pension income on kid wellness. Therefore, we can come into a decision that pension policy was effectual in this instance.In deciding the issue with view to the unreciprocated inquiries, it is indispensable to measure the strengths and failings of the articles. For illust ration, the usage of instrumental variables and the control of confusing variables strengthened the internal cogency of the surveies. The skip of of import variables weakened the internal cogency of the survey. For case, in the article, Does Money Protect against Health Status Evidence from South African Pensions, there were omitted variables such as rearing accomplishments which might hold been agree with wellness and income. Therefore, an unreciprocated inquiry will be, what are other possible omitted variables? A following inquiry will be in respects to external cogency, for illustration can the consequences in these surveies be applicable to Canada every bit good as other states? A subsequent inquiry will be, What other policies could be implemented in order to relieve the impact of income on wellness position?To reason, since it is clear from the analysis in each article that the being of a causal nexus between income and wellness is still unsure, an docket for future res earch will be to use random fluctuations in income and do usage of panel informations theoretical accounts. Another country of future research will be to include omitted variables in future surveies so as to beef up the internal cogency of the survey. A subsequent country of research will be to avoid self-reported data point in the survey so as to avoid misreport from respondents. Surveies should besides affect more of natural experiments since people in these types of surveies are non cognizant that they are being studied. This would beef up the internal cogency of the survey every bit good as prevent prejudice in consequences. In add-on, future researches should do usage of appraisal methods that are easy to understand every bit good as utilize panel data point which helps to reply inquiries about the kineticss of alteration and utile in foretelling long-run or cumulative effects which are usually hard to analyse in a cross-sectional survey.

Experiment 5, Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil

September 30, 2012 Experiment 5, Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil Introduction This experiment prepares man-made banana oil (isopentyl acetate rayon) through the Fisher esterification method by combining isopentyl alcoholic beverage with acetic and sulphuric acid then heating the mixture under ebb for an hour. Esterification is a chemical reaction in which 2 reactants (an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Observations and Data When the sulfuric acid was combined with the isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid, the mixture turned red (due to residue of another chemical remaining on glassware).During the washout of the organic layer, two distinct layers appeared, a yellow and a clear. The drying process took around 20 minutes through gravity filtration. The distillation process took around 15 to 20 minutes to begin boil at 137? C and stay at 140? C for the remainder of distillation. After reaching optimum temperature distillation was complete within ten minutes. After the experiment was completed the final product was 97% ester, 3% alcohol. Compound Percent Total Isopentyl Acetate (Ester) 97%Isopentyl Alcohol (Alcohol) 3% Results and Discussion We began with 16. 2 mL of isopentyl alcohol and continued through the processes of reaction, separation, and purification until a final product was achieved. There were two peak areas appearing on the gas chromatogram, isopentyl alcohol and isopentyl acetate. The area of isopentyl alcohol (2) is 0. 255cm2 where the area of the isopentyl acetate (1) is 8. 4cm2. This results in the per centumage of isopentyl alcohol (3) in the final product eing 3% and the percentage of isopentyl acetate (4) 97%. The percent yield (5)of isopentyl acetate is also 97%. 1 1 1. 1. 8. 4 cm2 isopentyl acetate 8. 4 cm2 isopentyl acetate = = 2 2 (2 cm x 8. 4 cm) (2 cm x 8. 4 cm) = = 2 2 1 1 2. 2. 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alcohol 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alcohol (1. 7 cm x 0. 3 cm) (1. 7 cm x 0. 3 cm) 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alc ohol 0. 255 cm2 isopentyl alcohol 3% isopentyl alcohol 3% isopentyl alcohol = = 8. 655 cm2 get along 8. 655 cm2 total X X 100% 100% 3. 3. 8. 4 cm2 isopentyl acetate 8. cm2 isopentyl acetate 8. 655 cm2 total 8. 655 cm2 total = = 97% isopentyl acetate 97% isopentyl acetate X X 100% 100% 4. 4. .97 tangible isopentyl acetate .97 actual isopentyl acetate = = 97% yield 97% yield 1. 0 theorhetical isopentyl acetate 1. 0 theorhetical isopentyl acetate X X 100% 100% 5. 5. The results are not ideal, because the mixture would be 100% isopentyl acetate alternatively than containing isopentyl alcohol. Errors could name occurred in the beginning when the initial solution turned red, due to improper glassware cleaning.Product could adjudge been lost or improperly filtered during gravity filtration. During the transfer of product from many vials, there may have been contamination. In the drying process, enough time may not have elapsed for the entire drying to occur. Experimental Isopentyl alc ohol (150mmol) was mixed with acetic acid (17mL) and sulfuric acid (1mL). The solution was then heated under reflux for one hour. The mixture was then transferred into a separatory funnel and washed with 50-mL of piss, drained and rewashed twice with 5% atomic number 11 bicarbonate.The layers were separated into two containers, one containing the aqueous layers of acetic acid and sulfuric acid in water and one containing the organic layer of isopentyl acetate and isopentyl alcohol. The mixture was then dried with magnesium sulfate. After dry, distillation occurred at 140? C to remove isopentyl alcohol leaving a final product of merely isopentyl acetate. Laboratory Notebook Reference The data from the experiment Preparation of Synthetic Banana Oil is primed(p) on pages six through nine in the laboratory notebook.

Accounting Project Essay

Foundations of Accounting IAccounting ProjectWritten by Karen PitschSpecial thanks to Donna LarnerRandiddle Co. is a merchandising business. Their cipher balances as of November 30, 2012 (un slight otherwise indicated), are as follows110Cash$ 74,370112Accounts receivable 6,178113Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 650115Merchandise blood 2,346116Prepaid restitution 5,750117 transshipment center Supplies 2,850123Store Equipment 100,800124Accumulated Depreciation-Store Equipment 31,060210Accounts Payable 3,286211Salaries Payable 0218 fill Payable 0220Note Payable (Due 2017) 30,000($6,000 to be paid in 2013)310Randiddle, neat (January 1, 2012) 46,288311Randiddle, Withdrawals 60,000312Income Summary 0410Sales 296,130411Sales Returns and Allowances 10,020412Sales Discounts 7,200510Cost of Goods Sold 30,250520Sales Salaries Expense 34,400521Advertising Expense 18,000522Depreciation Expense 0523Store Supplies Expense 0529Miscellaneous marketing Expense 2,800530Office Salaries Expense 25,50 0531Rent Expense 24,200532Insurance Expense 0533Bad Debt Expense 0539Miscellaneous Administrative Expense 1,650550 Interest Expense 1,100See more Analysis of Starbucks coffee company employees essayRandiddle Co. uses the perpetual inventory formation and the First-in, First-out be method. Transportation-in and grease angiotensin converting enzymes palms discounts should be added to the Inventory Control Sheet, but since this will complicate the computation of the First-in, First-out costing method, please ignore this step in the process. They also use the Allowance Method for bad debt.The Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable Subsidiary al-Qurans along with the Inventory Control Sheet should be updated as each execution affects them (daily).Randiddle Co. sells three types of atom-bomb ovens.The sale prices of each are900 double-u microwave $1991000 west microwave $2991200 watt microwave $499During December, the last month of the accounting year, the following minutes wer e completedDec. 1. Issued check phone subjugate 2632 for the December rent, $2,200. 2. Sold two 1200 watt microwaves for gold.4. Purchased four 1000 watt microwaves on account from level Co., foothold 2/10, n/30, FOB deportation point, $596.5. Issued check soma 2633 to pay the transportation charges on bargain for of December 4, $89. (NOTE Debit Merchandise Inventory. Do not include shipping and purchase discounts to the Inventory Control yellow journalism for thisproject.) 6. Sold six 1000 watt microwaves and four 1200 watt microwaves on account to Briana Co., invoice 891, basis 2/10, n/30, FOB shipping point. 8. Issued check fare 2634 for refund of cash on sales made for cash, $150. (Customer was going to takings goods until an allowance was arranged.) 10. Purchased introduce supplies on account from Prince Co., terms n/30, $310. 10. Issued check to Matt Co. number 2635 for the full measure due, less discount allowed. (Round discount to nigh dollar.)11. Paid Prince Co. full amount due, check number 2636.12. Issued credit memo for one 1000 watt microwave final paymented on sale of December 6. (NOTE Assume the returned microwave was from the 11/30 inventory) 13. Issued check number 2637 for advertising expense for last half of December, $3,000. 14. Received cash from Briana Co. for the full amount due (less return of December 12 and discount round to nearest dollar). 19. Issued check number 2638 to buy five 900 watt microwaves, $495. 19. Issued check number 2639 for $596 to Joseph Co. on account. 20. Sold seven 900 watt microwaves on account to Cameron Co., invoice number 892, terms 1/10, n/30, FOB shipping point. 20. To expedite sale on Dec. 20, issued check number 2640 for shipping charges on sale to Cameron on December 20, $120 (NOTE Cameron Co. will be reimbursing us for this shipping cost). 21. Received $1,396 cash from McKenzie Co. on account, no discount.21. Purchased three 1200 watt microwaves on account from Elisha Co., terms 1/10, n/ 30, FOB shipping point, $747, shipping $78 (NOTE Debit Merchandise Inventory $825, but unaccompanied put $747 in the Inventory Control Sheet). 24. Received notification that Marie Co. has been granted bankruptcy with no amount of recovery. We are to write-off her amount due. (Note See page 365 for entry required.)26. Issued a debit memo for return of $249 because of damage to one 1200 watt microwave purchased on December 21, receiving credit from the seller.27. Issued check number 2641 for sales salaries of $2,050 and officesalaries of $1,400.28. Purchased store equipment on account from Joseph Co., terms n/30, FOB destination, $1,200.29. Issued check number 2642 for store supplies, $70.29. Purchased seven 1000 watt microwave from Prince Co, terms 1/10, n/30, FOB shipping point, for $1,113 on account, shipping $107. 30. Sold eight 1000 watt microwaves on account to Briana Co., invoice number 893, terms 2/10, n/30, FOB shipping point.30. Received cash from sale of December 20, less discount, prescribed transportation paid on December 20. (Round calculations to the nearest dollar.) 31. Issued check number 2643 for purchase of December 21, less return of December 25 and discount. (Round discount to the nearest dollar.) 31. Issued a debit memo for $200 of the purchase returned from December 28.Instructions1. Enter the balances of each of the accounts in the appropriate balance column of the General Ledger (B-S and I-S Ledger). Write Balance in the item section, and place a (x) in the Post Reference column. 2. Journalize the transactions in a sales journal, purchases journal, cash receipts journal, cash payments journal, or general journal as illustrated in chapter 7. Also denounce to the Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable Subsidiary ledgers and Inventory Control Sheet as needed. 3. Total each column on the special journals and prove the journals. 4. Post the adds of the account named columns and individually post the Other Accounts columns as well to the General Ledger. 5. take in the Schedule of Accounts Receivable and the Schedule of Accounts Payable (their total amount must equal the amount in their controlling general ledger account). 6. Prepare the maladjusted trial balance on the worksheet.7. Complete the worksheet for the year ended December 31, 2012, using the following tolerance data a. Merchandise inventory on December 31 $1,090b. Insurance expired during the year 2,250c. Store supplies on hand on December 31 850d. Depreciation for the current year needs to be calculated. The business uses the Straight-line method, the store equipment has a useful life of 10 years with no salvage value. (NOTE the purchase and return will not be included as the dates of the transactions were after the 15th of the month). e. increase salaries on December 31Sales salaries$1,075Office salaries 540 $1,615f. The note payable terms are at 8%, payment is not being made until Jan. 3, 2013. Interest must be recognized for one month. g. Calculat e the Bad Debt adjustment amount net realizable value of Accounts Receivable is determined to be $6,313.8. Prepare a multiple-step income statement, a statement of owners equity, and a classified balance sheet in good form. (Recommend review of Current Liabilities on page 149.) 9. Journalize and post the adjusting entries.10. Journalize and post the closing entries. hint closed accounts by inserting a zero in both balance columns opposite the closing entry.11. Prepare a post-closing trial balance.

Gothic Architecture

The f all(prenominal) of the Roman Empire and the events that occurred in europium leading up to the pose Ages (has) have had a lasting effect on architecture and function today. The enduring set of medieval guileifice and architecture can be split up into fin major drifts, other(a) Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque and gothic. The s swingyly influential termination was the Gothic, which is cognise for its significant change from serious music architecture this change from unstained architecture aided in the Gothic eras trans dustation to its own identity.The Medieval time period is know for its continuous airf ar and battle, and most people business organizati id demise and eternal damnation the Catholic Church gained its wealth and forefinger done peoples fear. Due to the steep level of religious devotion during this time, it is evident that church building service leaders, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the pope had more role than fagots and Qu eens. Even serfs wanted to support a relationship with God, so they paid lessened tip despatchs to be part of the church. Scott, varlet 149) duomos and churches were sacred spaces, an escape from the hardship and brutality of life, indicating that godliness during this time was the most burning(prenominal) influence in medieval culture, art, and architecture. It is evident in the monumental cathedrals and churches. galore(postnominal) argue that art and foundation werent important during Medieval times. It is evident, however, through careful observation of monumental cathedrals and churches streng and th uptaked during the early Middle Ages that the time period hold dear art and design, rather than disregarded it.Religion was the most commutation aspect to life, and the abstruse and godly detail included in these places of godliness, such as the nonre gentlewoman cathedral show that art and design was very much appreciated. During the time of the Roman Empire, soldi ers protected the mall and turn down classes until it fell. The law then no longer protected the psyches, so they turned to the Lords to keep peace and protection. consequently began a period of time called the middle ages and the start of feudalism, which existed for over a century.Every unrivaleds life was lived out against a keystonedrop of fear fear of violence, bloodshed, brutality, fear of starvation, fear of dying, and fear of ones fate in the afterlife. Famine and unsoundness were major factors in death during this time, considering they depended on ropes and agriculture to prosper, and the cold climate led to less food for thought on their plates and energy to sell at the market. Even when food was abundant, serfs still lacked a dependable antecedent of essential vitamins, passing them weak and vulnerable to death.Their water was polluted and there were no sanitation systems, which lots led to epidemics. They lived in hovels that were poorly wood constructed shel ters that had no indoor heating no windows to bring in natural decrease and generally caught fire. (Cantor, rogue 383) Their except defense against living in these savage environments was elision faith in God was their only hope for salvation in the after life. People similarly believed when misfortune struck, whether in the form of fire, drought, famine, and war, that they had failed God. Constantine the Great was considered to be the last great emperor of Rome.Although his reign was in advance the middle ages, he played an important transitional role in history through his scholarship of Christianity, which became the prominent devotion in Europe until the Reformation. Due to the fact that civilization survived in such harsh living conditions, the Christian faith brought everyone together in a more positive light and mold their lives from birth to death their purpose on earth was to serve god, who was above them. Humanism wouldnt make its forepart known until the star ting line of the renaissance, which was not until a century later, and society was Just adhering to the norm.Following the norm gave them great security, physically and emotionally. In either society that thrived for protection from the harshness of life through religion, people looked to however could safe(p) your happiness in heaven this person had the most political and cultural power. The Roman Catholic church was the supreme power during the Middle ages, and the laws of the domain of a function and leading roles of government were all in the hands of church leaders such as bishops and archbishops. The Pope was considered the most powerful, as he was Gods representative on earth.Although priests and kings had their individual responsibilities from the church, priests had a loyalty to God, to communicate with him on behalf of the people, handing down Gods rules of conduct, where as the King was responsible for the people to stick to to those rules of conduct he was noninsure d Gods Solider. The king had lords and nobles who served him, controlling the land in exchange for protection of the serfs, villains or peasants. To maintain such an operation, one aptitude have as many as 500 serfs in his ho procedurehold, bandage those lower on the social scale might have an average of 70.Since the church had extensive land holdings, it had great supplement in structuring feudalism (Blackmore, Robbie, page 68). The definition of feudalism is, A political and economical system of Europe, ground on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of perch to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. (Cantor, page 164) Feudalism is known for its negative intension however, it still gave people a reason for salvation, and aided in their interest in a higher(prenominal) existence.Feudalism put fear in societys eyes, yet funded the wind of the cathedrals, which ironically had the opposite effect. C athedrals were one response to the unsettling conditions of such a feudal society, but besides became powerful and emotional masterpieces bringing the take to of heaven to earth. These places of worship would serve to the lower classes and became city landmarks, a place where the village could experience solidarity. unitedly cathedrals and the cities they resided in would prosper. Having touch themselves in the heart of the town, places of worship brought people from the countryside to the center of the city (Scott, page 69). contrary the more classical based architecture that came before it, the Romanesque style, Gothic architecture was built with excess. The Gothic characteristics strove for extreme proportions and dimensions this created new structures to climb up the buildings, as well as improving window sizes to bring in comme il faut light. Gothic architecture had wider windows and doors than those of Romanesque buildings.According to their chthonicstanding, light is a substance, yet it differs from other substances through its ability to penetrate field candy or valued stone without splitting them (Hovercrafts, page 51). The flight of steps buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, soaring ceilings, and stained glass windows characterize Gothic design, making it functional, yet dramatically appealing. They all the way unders aliked the immensity of light, and how bringing that atom into the building changed peoples perceptions and attitudes. Notre chick Cathedral is one of, if not the most pro free-base example of gothic architecture.Construction of Notre Dame began under the circumspection of Maurice De Sully, Bishop of Paris in 1163. geometric proportioning was fundamental for gothic design, which also led to the flying buttresses. When Notre Dame started its construction the walls were so thin, that arches on the exterior had to support the vertical and narrow proportions. The flying buttresses were not originally capable and di dnt become acceptable until the end of the 12th Century. Cathedrals during this time were competing to be the tallest, which symbolized wealth and power (Scott, peg 94). Geometric proportion was indeed a constant preoccupation in the middle ages, (Gridlock, page 14) and this created a self-coloured new style for the nave and an increase in the size of the stain glass windows. This cathedrals high alter was hallowed in 1189, and the nave was finished around 1196. The west faltering of Notre Dame was completed between 1225 and 1230. The west lessened displays an important characteristic to the gothic style, the rose window, which has many efferent conceptions on its significance.Relating back to the Romans and the culls centered upon the Pantheon in Greece, some view it as the symbol of the sun, and God, also as its original form a inflorescence which represents Mary, and lastly, heavenly Jerusalem, which is known to be a round city (Hovercrafts peg 50). Not only did the window s ymbolize god, but also the bod of the building as well, The Latin mark was the architectural shape of the building, as if God was looking down from heaven recognizing their faith. The towers topping the west faded were completed around 1250.It took over 200 ears to complete, taking into consideration the climate, need for materials and transportation, labor, and warfare. A tremendous mensuration of effort implies the importance the cathedral had to the population. archimandrite Surer believed, everything that is most precious should be used above all to celebrate. Abbot Surer was an influential leader during his time and patron of the arts. He was a classmate and chum to the future King Louis VI, who later appointed him Abbot of church Saint-Denis (Cantor, page 398 ).His duty was to enhance the stature of the church Saint-Denis, and under his power the church was renovated so rustically that it has become the first example of the Gothic style also known as the heavenly capital . Light was the primary character of faith and divine inspiration, opening up the dark Romanesque walls and cramming it with aisles and replacing the clerestory windows with stained glass. Stained glass is another important element to the cathedrals design one of the oldest surviving stained glass windows dates back to 1065, and can be found in the Cathedral of Sagebrush in Germany. (Cantor, page 397) www. Sobs. Rag Popular designs d epicalted scenes from the bible as well as the lives of the Saints. Some also illustrated everyday life, showing Artisans at work. Romanesque cathedrals had such thick walls and tenuous windows, they provided poor light, whereas Gothic cathedrals had windows so large that the stained glass would lay out on an undefiled floor. Understanding that light symbolized God, as the light came through the colored glass, often gave individuals a feeling of fervent spirituality, not only illuminating the church, but them as well. Since few people could read or write, the windows also gave them a source of religious instruction.Sculptures were used as well throughout dihedral history. Sculptures of little monsters called Gargoyles conveyed more then one message, principally to instill fear into the city. These Gargoyles represented the evil on earth, but were also utter to scare off evil spirits, assuring citizens that it was a holy place. (Cantor, page 397) Ornamentation throughout the middle ages gave people an understand to life and glorifying god. Over 80 cathedrals, and 500 abbey churches were built in the gothic style, (Cantor, page 104) astonishing monuments of Gods glory, severally remained intact until the reformation.Cathedrals didnt build over night, like today with skyscrapers that take six old age to build. It took up too two hundred years, some generations wouldnt even get to see them completed although worked on them their whole life. Workers would use the most basic tools, and the number of tools required for such a ta sk were instead small, for example hammer, epic and axe, saw working in conditions that modern day health and safety laws would nix today. (Scott, page 21) It clearly shows the importance of these building to the people during that time period.Everything about he medieval cathedral, surplus use of light, layout, and sculptors are all inspirations of God. People feared that failure to use the best human creativity might be taken by the God as something less than full devotion, so they felt compelled to use all of their artistic, plan and craft based creative individuals to create the finest space they were capable to build. Architecture was their doorway to a break life and as evidence shows the monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages were cherished art and design.Gothic ArchitectureThe fall of the Roman Empire and the events that occurred in Europe leading up to the Middle Ages (has) have had a lasting effect on architecture and design today. The enduring values of medieval art and architecture can be split up into five major styles, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, Romanesque and Gothic. The most influential period was the Gothic, which is known for its significant change from classical architecture this change from classical architecture aided in the Gothic eras transformation to its own identity.The Medieval period is known for its constant airfare and battle, and most people feared death and eternal damnation the Catholic Church gained its wealth and power through peoples fear. Due to the high level of religious devotion during this time, it is evident that church leaders, such as the Pope had more power than Kings and Queens. Even serfs wanted to maintain a relationship with God, so they paid small fees to be part of the church. Scott, page 149) Cathedrals and churches were sacred spaces, an escape from the hardship and brutality of life, indicating that religion during this time was the most important influence in medieval culture, art, and architecture. It is evident in the monumental cathedrals and churches. Many argue that art and design werent important during Medieval times. It is evident, however, through careful observation of monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages that the time period cherished art and design, rather than disregarded it.Religion was the most central aspect to life, and the intricate and divine detail included in these places of worship, such as the Notre Dame Cathedral show that art and design was very much appreciated. During the time of the Roman Empire, soldiers protected the middle and lower classes until it fell. The law then no longer protected the individuals, so they turned to the Lords to keep peace and protection. Thus began a period of time called the middle ages and the start of feudalism, which existed for over a century.Everyones life was lived out against a backdrop of fear fear of violence, bloodshed, brutality, fear of starvation, fear of dying, and fear of ones fate in the afterlife. Famine and sickness were major factors in death during this time, considering they depended on ropes and agriculture to prosper, and the cold climate led to less food on their plates and nothing to sell at the market. Even when food was abundant, serfs still lacked a dependable source of essential vitamins, leaving them weak and vulnerable to death.Their water was polluted and there were no sanitation systems, which often led to epidemics. They lived in hovels that were poorly wood constructed shelters that had no indoor heating no windows to bring in natural light and generally caught fire. (Cantor, page 383) Their only defense against living in these harsh environments was elision faith in God was their only hope for salvation in the after life. People also believed when misfortune struck, whether in the form of fire, drought, famine, and war, that they had failed God. Constantine the Great was considered to be the last great emperor of Rome.Although his reign was before the middle ages, he played an important transitional role in history through his recognition of Christianity, which became the prominent religion in Europe until the Reformation. Due to the fact that civilization survived in such harsh living conditions, the Christian faith brought everyone together in a more positive light and shaped their lives from birth to death their purpose on earth was to serve god, who was above them. Humanism wouldnt make its presence known until the beginning of the renaissance, which was not until a century later, and society was Just adhering to the norm.Following the norm gave them great security, physically and emotionally. In any society that thrived for protection from the harshness of life through religion, people looked to however could secure your happiness in heaven this person had the most political and cultural power. The Roman Catholic church was the supreme power during the Middle ages , and the laws of the land and leading roles of government were all in the hands of church leaders such as bishops and archbishops. The Pope was considered the most powerful, as he was Gods representative on earth.Although priests and kings had their individual responsibilities from the church, priests had a commitment to God, to communicate with him on behalf of the people, handing down Gods rules of conduct, where as the King was responsible for the people to adhere to those rules of conduct he was noninsured Gods Solider. The king had lords and nobles who served him, controlling the land in exchange for protection of the serfs, villains or peasants. To maintain such an operation, one might have as many as 500 serfs in his household, while those lower on the social scale might have an average of 70.Since the church had extensive land holdings, it had great leverage in structuring feudalism (Blackmore, Robbie, page 68). The definition of feudalism is, A political and economic syste m of Europe, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of rod to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. (Cantor, page 164) Feudalism is known for its negative connotation however, it still gave people a reason for salvation, and aided in their interest in a higher existence.Feudalism put fear in societys eyes, yet funded the construction of the cathedrals, which ironically had the opposite effect. Cathedrals were one response to the unsettling conditions of such a feudal society, but also became powerful and emotional masterpieces bringing the image of heaven to earth. These places of worship would serve to the lower classes and became city landmarks, a place where the village could experience solidarity. Together cathedrals and the cities they resided in would prosper. Having centered themselves in the heart of the town, places of worship brought people from the countryside to the center of the ci ty (Scott, page 69). Unlike the more classical based architecture that came before it, the Romanesque style, Gothic architecture was built with excess. The Gothic characteristics strove for extreme proportions and dimensions this created new structures to heighten the buildings, as well as improving window sizes to bring in enough light. Gothic architecture had wider windows and doors than those of Romanesque buildings.According to their understanding, light is a substance, yet it differs from other substances through its ability to penetrate glass or precious stone without splitting them (Hovercrafts, page 51). The flying buttresses, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, soaring ceilings, and stained glass windows characterize gothic design, making it functional, yet dramatically appealing. They clearly understood the importance of light, and how bringing that element into the building changed peoples perceptions and attitudes. Notre Dame Cathedral is one of, if not the most profound exam ple of gothic architecture.Construction of Notre Dame began under the direction of Maurice De Sully, Bishop of Paris in 1163. Geometric proportioning was fundamental for gothic design, which also led to the flying buttresses. When Notre Dame started its construction the walls were so thin, that arches on the exterior had to support the vertical and narrow proportions. The flying buttresses were not originally exposed and didnt become acceptable until the end of the 12th Century. Cathedrals during this time were competing to be the tallest, which symbolized wealth and power (Scott, peg 94). Geometric proportion was indeed a constant preoccupation in the middle ages, (Gridlock, page 14) and this created a whole new style for the nave and an increase in the size of the stain glass windows. This cathedrals high alter was consecrated in 1189, and the nave was finished around 1196. The west faded of Notre Dame was completed between 1225 and 1230. The west faded displays an important chara cteristic to the gothic style, the rose window, which has many efferent conceptions on its significance.Relating back to the Romans and the culls centered upon the Pantheon in Greece, some view it as the symbol of the sun, and God, also as its original form a flower which represents Mary, and lastly, heavenly Jerusalem, which is known to be a round city (Hovercrafts peg 50). Not only did the window symbolize god, but also the shape of the building as well, The Latin Cross was the architectural shape of the building, as if God was looking down from heaven recognizing their faith. The towers topping the west faded were completed around 1250.It took over 200 ears to complete, taking into consideration the climate, need for materials and transportation, labor, and warfare. A tremendous amount of effort implies the importance the cathedral had to the population. Abbot Surer believed, everything that is most precious should be used above all to celebrate. Abbot Surer was an influential le ader during his time and patron of the arts. He was a classmate and friend to the future King Louis VI, who later appointed him Abbot of church Saint-Denis (Cantor, page 398 ).His duty was to enhance the stature of the church Saint-Denis, and under his power the church was renovated so rustically that it has become the first example of the Gothic style also known as the heavenly capital. Light was the primary source of faith and divine inspiration, opening up the dark Romanesque walls and cramming it with aisles and replacing the clerestory windows with stained glass. Stained glass is another important element to the cathedrals design one of the oldest surviving stained glass windows dates back to 1065, and can be found in the Cathedral of Sagebrush in Germany. (Cantor, page 397) www. Sobs. Rag Popular designs depicted scenes from the bible as well as the lives of the Saints. Some also illustrated everyday life, showing Artisans at work. Romanesque cathedrals had such thick walls an d small windows, they provided poor light, whereas Gothic cathedrals had windows so large that the stained glass would lay out on an entire floor. Understanding that light symbolized God, as the light came through the colored glass, often gave individuals a feeling of intense spirituality, not only illuminating the church, but them as well. Since few people could read or write, the windows also gave them a source of religious instruction.Sculptures were used as well throughout dihedral history. Sculptures of little monsters called Gargoyles conveyed more then one message, primarily to instill fear into the city. These Gargoyles represented the evil on earth, but were also said to scare off evil spirits, assuring citizens that it was a holy place. (Cantor, page 397) Ornamentation throughout the middle ages gave people an understanding to life and glorifying god. Over 80 cathedrals, and 500 abbey churches were built in the gothic style, (Cantor, page 104) astonishing monuments of Gods glory, each remained intact until the reformation.Cathedrals didnt build over night, like today with skyscrapers that take six years to build. It took up too two hundred years, some generations wouldnt even get to see them completed although worked on them their whole life. Workers would use the most basic tools, and the number of tools required for such a task were quite small, for example hammer, epic and axe, saw working in conditions that modern day health and safety laws would forbid today. (Scott, page 21) It clearly shows the importance of these building to the people during that time period.Everything about he medieval cathedral, special use of light, layout, and sculptors are all inspirations of God. People feared that failure to use the best human creativity might be interpreted by the God as something less than full devotion, so they felt compelled to use all of their artistic, engineering and craft based creative individuals to create the finest space they were capable to build. Architecture was their doorway to a better life and as evidence shows the monumental cathedrals and churches built during the early Middle Ages were cherished art and design.