What is Ethical Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is Ethical Leadership - Essay Example Initiative is characterized as the ability to inspire individuals by words, activities and deeds utilizing vision, conviction and honesty. Moral administration is characterized as the procedure of â€Å"ethically spurring others in moral directions† comprising of both â€Å"procedural† and â€Å"substantive† (character-based) angles (Chumir, 1992). The procedural element of moral initiative incorporates critical thinking and dynamic methods inside the hover of morals. For instance, moral administration requests that the pioneers, before placing their choices without hesitation, educate and talk about them with the gatherings which will be influenced by their choices. This implies the concerned gatherings are being given due regard and significance. The considerable part of moral authority incorporates information, solid gauges and fortitude to follow moral headings regardless of solid resistance. The achievement of an association relies generally upon esteem base d activities and deeds. Moral initiative will deal with the workforce in order to keep up a sound domain inside the association. A moral head will monitor having the pay rates paid in time with no deferral, will think about paying prizes and rewards to the businesses, will tune in to the workers’ issues and will attempt to dispense with them. This will keep them working at high effectiveness rates. The moral chief will make agreements with colleagues keeping in see what they need and regarding their choices.

Meaning of Life and Literary Metaphorical Descriptions Essay Example for Free

Which means of Life and Literary Metaphorical Descriptions Essay Stuck and affixed with no inclination of where your life is going, requires fundamental exertion to experience. This is the circumstance for the primary character in Wiliam Lychacks short story, Stolpestad. With no whereabouts of his life bearings, Stolpestad run over his own life through unsavory encounters of his own character misfortune. â€Å"This is your life, Stolpestad† Stolpestad finds that his life gone monotonous, holding up towards the finish of each move, lying and giving a reason to defer his appearance back home to his better half and his kids. Passing through the city, Stolpestad longs after his life in the town as kid. â€Å"You inert moderate and legitimate past the house as though to witness a person or thing †yourself as a kid, maybe. † Though Stolpestad knows about the essential in his nonappearance back home, he chooses to go to a bar. At the bar he is recounting stories, spreading chuckling, about his prior pickle with shooting the enduring pooch. Stolpestad appears to be loaded with certainty re-recounting to the story, however in the specific circumstance he was anxious and touchy: â€Å"with this expectation that she’s effectively dead-that deafening of creepy crawlies in the warmth and grass as you prod her once more. You push until she springs up, her educational moderate and dark to you †you with this expectation that the kid will be running any second to you currently, hollering for you to stop. † He wish the canine to as of now be dead, or that the kid will come hollering him to stop. This apprehension of his comes genuinely to life when the kid and his dad are standing up to him, and the encompassing noices terrifies him: â€Å"It’s just an entryway opening †yet look how anxious you are†. Stolpestad sees this encounter as a truly awkward circumstances, and feel that it is a rehashing component in his life, which is portrayed in this passage: â€Å"the a sensation that this has happened before of a pickup truck in the carport as you pull around the house, as though you’ve seen or envisioned or experienced the entirety of this be-fore, or will be through everything once more, finished and over†. We can decipher this, from the way that Stolpestad continues running into these undesirable circumstances. Putting down an enduring canine transforms into an unexpected insult to the perishing hound, the kid and his dad and himself. The ineffective execution and the endurance of the enduring pooch, Goliath, can be viewed as an analogy for Stolpestads life. The life of the pooch Goliath and Stolpestads life are going a similar way, Goliaths enduring is an impression of the enduring in Stolpestads own life. Crevasse is gravely harmed and it is simply an issue of time until its’ life will peg out, yet considerably after what should be a simple put down, the pooch stays alive. Stolpestad is neither harmed or close to death. Stolpestad is gotten between the decisions whether he will seek after his importance of life or abandon this world. He is stuck as his very own observer life, as the perishing hound Goliath is an onlooker of its’ own demise. The injury of the pooch can likewise be deciphered as a metaphor for the earth and the town Stolpestad lives in. The Christian story of â€Å"David and Goliath† bargains for Goliaths purpose with the subjects antagonism and disappointment. The moniker â€Å"Gully† is an equivalent for a sewer. That implies, that the canines name in the two significances alludes to something including corruption and poor environs. Goliath lies on all the junk on the families inside the families’ premises and represents the poor social condition that the family hails from. The family is packed by this deficiency in the general public, which the pooch and its name represent. The sentence: â€Å"The old tires, void jugs, paint jars, corroded vehicle pivot, cooler door† epitomizes what poor condition the family is a piece of. Nature of the dad may likewise clarify the reason for his amusing commendations of Stolpestads house: â€Å"He lets out a long moan and says it’s a fine spot you appear to have here†. Still this higher class of society doesn't fit Stolpestad, and it doesn't appear as though he has been in this difference to the lower association of society his entire life, which additionally may cause the compassion he has for the kid. The kid can be deciphered as a hallucination of Stolpestad as a kid. In the early start of the short story, Stolpestad is driving around callous, searching for something †potentially himself as a youngster, and after the gathering with the kid, he rapidly considers understanding of his life circumstance. This might be caused of Stolpestads own childhood, that may have been troublesome, however he despite everything may miss: â€Å"Back to all the turns you were conceived, as long as you can remember spent along the equivalent miserable streets† The sort of storyteller being utilized in the story is a â€Å"second individual narrator† who keeps in touch with a certain â€Å"you†. Our â€Å"you†, who our storyteller guides itself to is the fundamental character of the story, Stolpestad. In spite of the fact that it is Stolpestad the storyteller direct itself to, the peruser wants to be addressed, when this account point of view is being utilized: †Was close to the finish of your shift†. Thusly a content includes and influences its peruser in an entire other level. It is difficult to decide whether the storyteller is a genuine figure or thoroughly missing all through the story. The storyteller doesn't explicitly show up all through the story, however certain things point to the narrators’ appearance: †away we go†. Still it is far fetched and obscure, who the storyteller might be, as the short story doesn't give an unequivocal clarification of who the storyteller may be. The language is both emblazoned of slang and afterward the more scholarly allegorical portrayals. This shows, how the storyteller has authority of changing the style when it fits him. Hence it is a blend of the lower style and a formal scholarly style. Stolpestad is carrying on with a real existence that just cruises by, without him making any move, and in this way he feels like as long as he can remember just comprises of persistent redundancies. He is living in a similar environmental factors as he did in his childhood and during his youth so along these lines his outer rams haven’t changed, however he has gotten more established. Consequently everything feels unmistakable and exhausting for him. With the portrayal from a second individual storyteller, who sees Stolpestad from an outside point of view, we can interface this to the translation of him as a detached person. He isn't even possessing the position to recount to his own story, however is having it told by another storyteller meddling and making a decision about him contrarily. Here too he remains without impact, yet may inactively let the storyteller relate his story, while he himself should be an onlooker to his own life. So don't simply let life cruise you by.

Envy in Othello by Shakespeare

Envy in Othello by Shakespeare Envy in Othello Oct 30, 2018 in Literature Description of Envy Envy can be defined as a feeling of discontented or bitter longing provoked by someones possessions, position and qualities. It is a very strong emotion, which mainly occurs when someone lacks another ones superior character, achievement and the person either wishes to have it or the owner lacks it. It is one of the greatest reasons for unhappiness. People with envy are most likely to inflict adversaries those they envy. Although envy is regarded as something negative, it is also believed that envy was the driving force behind the movement towards equality, hence, it must be experienced in order to achieve a more fair societal system (Bertrand, 2000). Envy in Shakespeare's Othello The detrimental power of envy is perfectly shown in Shakespeares Othello. Iago had fought for many years under the command of Othello as he tried to make himself relevant before the leader, a factor that modulated his envy (Smith and Kim, 2007). However, he was in no way the right person for Othello to be given the opportunity as his personal lieutenant compared to Cassio. Iago has been aspiring for a very long time to be given the post though without the knowledge of Othello. So, Othello gives the work to Cassio. As soon as Iago realized that he was not getting the job, he became a disturbed man and became infuriated. Envy quickly took over him and he immediately embarked on a vengeance mission with an aim to destroy both Othello and Cassio.

A Manic-Depressive Character - Holden - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 776 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/21 Category Literature Essay Level High school Did you like this example? In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger portrays Holden as a manic-depressive. He alternates between grandiosity and slight consciousness of his growing depression and the despair it causes, Holden slowly deteriorates throughout the course of the novel. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Manic-Depressive Character Holden" essay for you Create order Holden has several techniques to cope with his depression. He smokes, drinks, talks to Allie, uses the hunting hat, and mainly, cuts himself off from others, although not literally, both emotionally and physically. They may not be the best ways to cope, as Holden knows, but he finds comfort in these things. This theme flows Holden uses the words crazy or madman quite often. At first,he seems to be a normal teenager having issues of identity, and it almost seem like he uses those kinds of words for effect. For example, whenever he says hes crazy, all he means is that hes acting either idiotically, or just out of the ordinary to what hers used to, but not to describe that hes actually going insane. Another example is when he says he wishes he was dead, it seems at first as if hers saying it to make his emotions seem as intense to the reader as they are to him. But as the story unfolds, itrs revealed through hints with Holdens words, as well as his body language that he is on the brink of falling apart, and almost sees suicide as an only way out. One of the ways Holden copes is smoking, which he does every time he feels anxious or nervous. For example, when Sunny, the prostitute, is in his room, he sees her as if she was nervous or anxious. When he offers her a cigarette, hers aiming at the goal to see if itll calm her down, like it calms him down. Instead of facing his problems, Holden drinks to try and forget about them. This doesnt affect him in the best way. Holden is seen drinking constantly as a sort of coping mechanism to drown out emotions. Some might think that Holden has an extreme drinking problem, which he does. Almost all of his money is spent at the bars he goes to. And since Holden is a minor and he cant drink (57), Holden feels as if hers older or more mature when he does and the feeling satisfies him because he doesnt want to be seen as a phony. Holden frequently states that he usually drinks when he has nothing else to do. He would stay out late drinking out of boredom and loneliness, which is part of what drove him mad. Holden mentions Allie often when he feels depressed. Allie was everything to Holden. So when Allie died, it affected him more than he realized at the time. Alliers death caused Holden to not want to connect with people out of fear and anger. He uses Allie as his idea of the perfect person, so whenever he sees something or someone that lacks innocence and integrity, he immediately rejects it and categorizes it as phony, which fuels both his loneliness and his depression. Holdenrs red hunting hat is the biggest symbols of him falling into depression (aside from the alienation symbolism). When he buys it in New York after leaving the fencing material on the subway, it shows emotional vulnerability. Despite the embarrassment he feels of wearing it in public (i.e. the train, the bar), the hat plays a key role of the way Holden sees himself. When he puts it on, he can be as ignorant and tough and, most importantly, as independent as hed like to be, just like Allie and Phoebe. And, as itrs seen some times throughout the book, it drives him mad that everyone, including himself, isnt as he portrays children, innocent. Later in the novel, not only does it drive him mad, but it depresses him. Another factor that contributes to this theme is the constant disconnection from other people. It often makes him mad when he talks to people because of their phoniness, yet hers later depressed with the fact that hers lonely. Holden often lies to himself to ease the emptiness that he holds from regret. He often regrets not talking to the people he wanted to, which in turn makes him feel worse. Holden encounters a massive drop into his depressive state because of his detachment from society. He has fear of neglect, so he refuses to make any kind of strong connection with almost anyone. Holdenrs depression is the end result of his detachment from society since he refuses to build social bonds and prefers to live in the past, with the memory of Allie. In conclusion,

Assignment Risk Management Plan - 1173 Words

TASK 1: RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN Name: MOHAMMED ABDUL SUBOOR ID# 2796543 ___________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION: Definition: A Risk is an unwanted situation which might arise in an organization which might lead to negative impact on the desired result. Risk management plans involves the analyzing, managing and evaluating the projects risk and threats. It involves layout of the entire project i.e from the beginning during and after results of the project. Risk management framework is decided based on the organization rules and requirements and also the project. Risk management is primary requirement to fulfill the needs of the project and reduce the vulnerabilities in various aspects†¦show more content†¦Ã¯Æ'Ëœ Strategic approach towards the process is developed. Risks, threats and vulnerabilities are identified in three company products: 1. H.Net exchange: ïÆ'Ëœ Secure messages being exposed. ïÆ'Ëœ Patient problems and weakness are out. ïÆ'Ëœ Important discussions between doctors and patients are letout. 2. H.Net Pay: ïÆ'Ëœ Transactions process from credit card at high risk. ïÆ'Ëœ Payments and funds received or transferred can be hacked. ïÆ'Ëœ Internet surfing might be at risk in this product as web commenced is in used. ïÆ'Ëœ Software vulnerabilities might be high. ïÆ'Ëœ Hackers may hack into web portals. 3. H.Net Connect: ïÆ'Ëœ User personal information might be hacked. ïÆ'Ëœ Unauthorized individual access to the database. ïÆ'Ëœ Cloud computing might not be able to handle high users of data. ïÆ'Ëœ Data base maintenance will be high due to large number of users. OUTLINE OF RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN: Identification: In the three maintained products the threats and risks are to be identified. Such as the data base securing, user identification, authorizing proper managers, protections from hackers and updated firewalls and less vulnerable software. Analysis: Proper survey and the complete scenario is taken into consideration about risks in the organization which enables the proper risk assessment. Potential of each threat or risk is evaluated and graded in order to reduce the impact of the risks or reduced the probability of its occurrence. Response: ImplementingShow MoreRelatedBus519 Week 4 Assignment 2 Risk Management Plan Bus 519 Week 4 Assignment 2 Risk Management Plan2601 Words   |  11 PagesBUS 519 Week 1 Discussion What is Risk?  Ã‚  Please respond to the following: * There are three (3) schools of thought regarding risk. The first considers the positive and negative aspects of risk, but sees them as separate. The second group believes that there are benefits from treating threats and opportunities together, while the third school does not label uncertainties, but addresses uncertainty as part of â€Å"doing the job.† Argue the value of having a risk strategy despite the cost associatedRead MoreThe Accounting Software Installation Project Case Study1680 Words   |  7 Pages EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SUBJECT OUTLINE Subject Number: Emergency Management Credit Points: 6 Subject Coordinator: Dr Jaya Kandasamy Subject Lecturer: Peter Garland Semester/Year: Spring 2007 Prerequisites: Completed a degree course Co-requisites: Nil, but a basic knowledge of local government procedures is helpful Anti-requisites: Nil, although some previous experience in local government and emergency management is useful. Read MoreProj 420 Entire Course Project Risk Management Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesENTIRE COURSE PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT PROJ 420 (PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT) COMPLETE WORK – DEVRY PROJ 420 Week 1 Course Project Assignment Project Topic Proposal and Outline PROJ 420 Week 1 Discussion 1 Why Should We Practice Risk Management PROJ 420 Week 1 Discussion 2 The ATOM Risk Management Process PROJ 420 Week 2 Course Project Assignment; Project Sizing and Stakeholder Analysis PROJ 420 Week 2 Discussion 1 The Initiation Step PROJ 420 Week 2 Discussion 2 Risk Identification Read Morealtex corp1408 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿MGMT 79009 Individual Assignment 2 Winter 2014 Due Date: April 17, 2014 The assignment will be completed on an individual basis. Your submission should be a maximum of 5 pages. Please submit your assignment in PDF format. Use the SLATE drop box to submit your assignment. Please remember to include a bibliography if applicable and to attribute ideas to the proper sources. 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As Starbucks puts it, it’s the third place, a home away from home or officeRead MoreInformation Decision Making1339 Words   |  6 PagesCMI LEVEL 5 DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP (5D1) Assignment 5 Unit 5006 C5009 Project development and control Unit 5002 Information based decision making Andor Kovacs CMI no: 4205133 Assignment 5_Submission1 AEA group Assignment Requirements 5002.....................................................................................4 Learning Outcome 1: Be able to identify and select sources of data and information .....................................................................

Drama Evaluation Example Free Essays

On 12th of December we went to Stifford Clays Primary and performed our piece to 180 year 4’s and 5’s. When we got there we had to straight away bring in our set and therefore had to quickly work out our staging. We all agreed to have the boards on a slant so that we could get changed and await our queues without the children seeing us as if they did it would ruin the illusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Drama Evaluation Example or any similar topic only for you Order Now We did this and got changed into our costumes in 20 minutes which I thought was really good and professional. As a group the performance went really well, we all knew our queues and our lines and worked really well together, the costume changes were done in time and nobody came out of role, there for a bit of empty staging but I think this was due to the fact that we were in a new performance space and were not use to it. People were not coming off the right side and therefore ended up having to cross the back of the stage, but it was not obvious as it was in character. As an individual I think the performance was ok, the children booed as I came on as the teacher as they thought I was still the Wicked Witch, I think I did change each characters characterisation but the costume wasn’t different enough and I think they thought I was the Wicked Witch in disguise. Also when I did come on as the Wicked Witch they did not stop booing me, according to the video they booed me for a full minute. I was not expecting such a huge reaction and I just did what I thought my character would do and tell them to ‘be quite’ and ‘shut up’ I also did hand gesture of them talking, it was really tough to deal with as every time I went to talk they just started booing again. I then decided to stand there and wait for them to calm down which they eventually did. Although it was annoying I think the booing was a good sign as they believed in my character and really hated me as much as they were supposed to. As the teacher I think I did well in adopting a different role and I changed my voice and body language making everything precise. The audience interacted with everything and more and seemed to have a lot of fun. When Catherine and I did the chase scene the children loved the water gun being fired, as I ran through they grabbed my cape which I had to react to again in the way the Wicked Witch would I told them to ‘Get off before I turned them into frogs’ from this I learnt that my teacher character needs more of a disguise, that I need to hold onto my cape while running through the crowd and to react to the boo’ing at first but then stand there and wait or them to quieten down. When I melted as the Wicked Witch I melted to the side of the stage and therefore had to stay there for a little while, which I didn’t mind as I needed to catch my breath anyway, I had to pick the right time to move off the stage and therefore picked the time when Sophie and Jess were running as I though the audience’s attention would be on them, it turned out it was and I did pick the right time to slip off. When we were at the performance we had forgotten the limbo poll and the camera and therefore had to improvise with the limbo poll and use another poll at the school, we also used Catherine’s phone to record the performance. I think as an individual and a group we met the assignment brief as we engaged, entertained and educated, We engaged the audience as they interacted with all points possible, they were entertained as they all were shouting and reacting and they were educated as when the fairy god mother asked questions they knew the answers. Over all I think the performance was really good and went really well. How to cite Drama Evaluation Example, Papers

Legal

Ethics is an important part of the field of nursing; it concerns moral aspects of people behavior and attitudes. As practice shows, there are often ethical dilemmas related to personal responsibilities and freedoms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal-Ethical Issues Affecting Patient Rights for the Elderly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Every patient has their legal rights and every nurse practitioner is to respect those rights regardless of gender and age of the patient (Kapp, 2000). It is important that elderly patients and their loved ones be aware of the ethical issues that may arise and be ready to cope with them. Healthcare professionals working with the elderly face complex situations related to many legal and ethical issues. The moral and legal standards for people caring for the elderly remain critical for ensuring that older persons access quality services. Ethical issues are a commonplace in our mo dern society. People who respect moral issues are frequently confronted with situations requiring them to make ethical choices. It is a commonplace to find some people confronted with ethical dilemmas (Kapp, 2000). Older adults are frequently more susceptible to those than the average people are. The people who are trusted to care for the older adults sometimes take advantage of the older person’s condition for different reasons (Tabloski, 2010). The legal and ethical issues that affect patient rights of the elderly include confidentiality, informed consent, relationships, and medical code. Confidentiality is one of the legal and moral issues that affect the patients’ rights for the elderly. Healthcare professionals should normally keep details about their elderly clients confidential. They should show respect for the autonomy of their elderly clients. Disclosing information about patients is legally and morally incorrect (Tabloski, 2010). However, healthcare professio nals are sometimes confronted with the legal and ethical dilemma of having to release information about their patients to the family members. Healthcare malpractice is also both a legal and moral issue that affects the patient rights for the elderly (Pozgar, 2010). The professionals who offer healthcare services to older persons must always put safety and health of their clients first. Injuries related to medical processes, the use of faulty equipment or medicine, and deliberate acts that cause harm to the elderly have both legal and moral consequences (Kapp, 2000). Healthcare professionals practice defensive medicine to avoid litigations from the family members of their elderly patients who may allege negligence.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The law protects the concept of informed consent in healthcare profession because it is both a legal and moral issue. All patients mus t give consent to permit treatment to take place (Pozgar, 2010). However, informed consent presents many challenges for healthcare professionals who work with the elderly because it has serious legal and moral implications. Sometimes the elderly cannot give consent to sanction their treatment because they may be too weak. The elderly person, who requires surgery but cannot offer consent, presents the healthcare professionals with serious dilemmas (Kapp, 2000). When treating an elderly person, doctors face potential dilemma between morality and the law. The kind of relationship that healthcare professionals can have with their elderly clients can have legal and moral implications in relation to patient rights for the elderly (Kapp, 2000). Associating with the elderly clients is protected by the medical code of ethics. Healthcare professionals who violate the ethical codes with their elderly clients face the risk of being disqualified from the roll of practitioners. The Purpose of Adv anced Directives If a serious medical condition does not allow people to take decisions regarding their treatment, this responsibility goes to the patient’s relatives. If there are no relatives, the physician or the hospital can fall responsible for your further treatment. However, preparing An Advance Directive is a way to predict such a situation and make sure that only you will be responsible for your end of life treatment. The Advance Directive will provide guidance to those responsible for the patient’s treatment when he/she is unable to make decisions independently. Advance Directives entail the legal papers where people spell out their decisions in relation to the end of life healthcare services in advance. The fundamental reason why people draw advance directives is to ensure that they can access the specific treatment they want, as well as refuse healthcare services they do not want. (Tabloski, 2010).  . It is significant in reducing confusion during the end of life healthcare provision. Advance directives are a commonplace in the elderly healthcare service delivery. (Tabloski, 2010). The application of advance directives remains crucial to the provision of quality healthcare to the elderly. The notable issues that advance directives cover include the application of breathing machines to prolong the life of older persons. The elderly can also spell out whether they would permit healthcare professionals to perform resuscitation procedure on them should they face breathing problems. Furthermore, the elderly can declare whether they would permit maintenance of their life using tube feeding (Tabloski, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal-Ethical Issues Affecting Patient Rights for the Elderly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is notable that sometimes healthcare professionals make decisions to ignore advance directives drafted by the elderly. This is a common place in scenarios where doctors consider such directives irrelevant based on their moral standards. It is also possible for doctors to refuse directives because of misinterpretation of the law and inconsistencies associated with moral consciences and professional responsibilities (Rai Rai, 2009). It is advisable that elderly people share their advance directives with their doctors to get opinion on whether they can accept their proposals. Advance directives also allow the elderly to choose their medical proxies who can make treatment decisions on their behalf. The individual selected as a medical proxy enjoys the durable power of attorney for healthcare because they can make decisions on behalf of the elderly (Rai Rai, 2009). Medical proxies can only have the power to make such decisions after the doctors have declared that the elderly person cannot make treatment choices on their own. Advance directives contain various advantages. The document is significant as it shows the dire ction people would want their treatment to take. Healthcare professionals can determine the road according to the thoughts and ideas about death and treatment choices made by the person drawing the directive. The fact that people have varying values and beliefs is also considered during drafting of the directives. Elderly people can lose decision-making ability when they become seriously ill (Swota, 2009). Therefore, the directive is the only way they can maintain control of their treatment desires and options during the time when they are less competent and conscious. The document also reduces stress and misunderstanding among family members in relation to their varying decisions on appropriate treatment and care for their older person (Swota, 2009). The document is critical for enabling family members, who may undergo emotional breakdown during such times, find easy ways of handling their decision-making challenges in relation to their sick family member. References Kapp, M. B. (2 000).  Geriatrics and the law: Understanding patient rights and professional responsibilities. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pozgar, G. D. (2010).  Legal and ethical issues for health professionals. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Rai, G. S., Rai, G. S. (2009).  Medical ethics and the elderly. Oxford: Radcliffe Pub. Swota, A. H. (2009).  Culture, ethics, and advance care planning. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Tabloski, P. (2010). Gerontological Nursing (2nd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson  Health Science. This essay on Legal-Ethical Issues Affecting Patient Rights for the Elderly was written and submitted by user Bridget Warren to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Impress Employers with a Quality Cover Letter

How to Impress Employers with a Quality Cover Letter How to Impress Employers with a Quality Cover Letter The cover letter is the first thing anyone sees when you apply for a job, the idea being to convince the reader to learn more about you via your resume. No matter how great your resume is, without a good cover letter to go with it, you might as well spit in an envelope and send that instead. N.B. Spitting is only advised when applying to be a cobra. Before you start expectorating, however, you should try these tips for writing an outstanding cover letter. Research and Customization There’s nothing wrong with using a template letter, especially if you’re applying for several similar jobs, but you need to customize each one you send out to reflect the specific job. This requires doing a little research about the role and the company, making sure that you emphasize the qualities specified. You should also try to find the name of the person who will read your letter. If you address it to them directly, it will reach them more quickly than if you use â€Å"Dear Hiring Manager.† Keep it Short Employers may have to read dozens of cover letters every day. As such, if you write a thirty-page epic about why you’re perfect for the role, it might never get read. It’s far better to keep things short (roughly one A4 page). As well as ensuring that someone reads your cover letter, this lets you demonstrate your ability to communicate clearly and concisely in writing, which is a valuable skill in itself! Structure We can’t tell you what to write in your cover letter: That depends on the job! However, we can set out what most cover letters should include: A formal greeting/salutation An introductory paragraph where you identify yourself, the role you’re applying for, how you found the position, and your reasons for applying A few paragraphs outlining your strengths as a candidate, what you would bring to the role and examples of how you’ve applied relevant skills in the past A concluding paragraph reiterating your suitability for the role, when you’re available, how to contact you, and thanking the reader for their time A suitable closer/valediction Proofread It! Obviously, we’re keen on proofreading (we wouldn’t be here if we weren’t). But even if you’re not the type of pedant who gets their knickers in a twist about misplaced apostrophes, proofreading your cover letter before you send it to employers is crucial to success. A cover letter with spelling and grammar mistakes may suggest you don’t care about the job. As such, even if the roles to which you’re applying don’t require perfect written English, you must check carefully for mistakes before sending your cover letter and resume to employers.

JavaScript Nesting IF Statements

JavaScript Nesting IF Statements Nesting if/else statements helps to organize and isolate conditions in order to avoid testing the same condition twice or to minimize the number of times various tests need to be performed.   By using if statements with both comparison and logical operators, we can set up code that will be run if a specific combination of conditions is met. We dont always want to test the entire condition in order to run one set of statements if the entire test is true, and another if it is false. We may want to choose between several different statements, depending on which particular combination of conditions is true. Suppose, for example, that we have three values to compare and wish to set different results depending on which of the values are equal. The following example shows how we can nest if statements to test for this (in bold below) var answer;if (a b) {  Ã‚  if (a c) {  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  answer all are equal;  Ã‚  } else {  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  answer a and b are equal;  Ã‚  }} else {  Ã‚  if (a c) {  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  answer a and c are equal;  Ã‚  } else {  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  if (b c) {  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  answer b and c are equal;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  } else {  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  answer all are different;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  }  Ã‚  }} The way the logic works here is: If the first condition is true (if (a b)), then the program checks for the nested if condition (if (a c)). If the first condition is false, the program bumps to the else condition.If the nested if is true, the statement is executed, i.e. all are equal.If the nested if is false, then the else statement is executed, i.e. a and b are equal. Here are a few things to notice how this is coded: First, we created the variable answer to hold the result before we started the if statement, making the variable global. Without that, we would have needed to include the variable on the front of all of the assignment statements, since it would be a local variable.Secondly, we have indented each nested if statement. This allows us to track more easily how many nested levels of statements there are. It also makes it clearer that we have closed the right number of blocks of code to complete all of the if statements that we opened. You may find that it is easier to put the braces there first for each if statement before you start writing the code that belongs inside that block. We can simplify one section of this code slightly in order to avoid having to nest the if statements quite as much. Where an entire else block is made up of a single if statement, we can omit the braces around that block and move the if condition itself up onto the same line as the else, using the else if condition. For example: var answer;if (a b) {  Ã‚  if (a c) {  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  answer all are equal;  Ã‚  } else {  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  answer a and b are equal;  Ã‚  }} else if (a c) {  Ã‚  answer a and c are equal;} else if (b c) {  Ã‚  answer b and c are equal;} else {  Ã‚  answer all are different;} Nested if/then statements are common in all programming languages, not just JavaScript. Novice programmers often use multiple if/then or if/else statements rather than nesting them. While this kind of code will work, it will quickly become verbose and will duplicate conditions. Nesting conditional statements creates more clarity around the programs logic and results in concise code that may run or compile faster.

Impact of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Research Paper

Impact of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Research Paper Example 2005) Due to this Fatal Alcohol Syndrome, children that are born are mostly with less dramatic physical defects but with many of the same behavioral and psychosocial characteristics as those with FAS. Fatal Alcohol Effects are often thought of as lower on a continuum than FAS, but this is not correct. Many individuals with FAE, while looking quite normal, have significant deficits in their intellectual, behavioral, and social abilities which prevent them from leading normal lives. About forty-four percent of women who drink heavily during pregnancy will have a child with Fatal Alcohol Syndrome. Of the other fifty-six percent, some will have Fatal Alcohol Effects, be Fatal Alcohol exposed, to minor learning and behavioral difficulties. A few will be normal apparently. (. (Tubman, 1993). Impacts of FAS on Children: There are certain factors which determine that whether the child will be affected with FAS or FAE. The first factor will be the genetic makeup of the mother and the fetus. I t has been observed that many people of a certain population have similar genetic compositions. From various studies and researches, it has been suggested that for example if some individuals of Native American descent do not make enough of an enzyme necessary in the breakdown of alcohol in the liver or some are lacking that enzyme all together, then these individuals would be at genetic risk of passing this trait onto the fetus. A mother's nutritional status and physical well-being might also play roles of varying significance in determining whether an infant is affected, and to what degree, by the prenatal exposure to alcohol. A vivid research is necessary to determine the reason that some developing fetuses are more vulnerable to prenatal exposure to alcohol than others. The knowledge base in this arena needs to be greatly expanded. There is a continuum of effects that can result from maternal prenatal consumption of alcohol. (Olsen and Tuntiseranee 1995). The most common effect that is observed is a rise in the degree of spontaneous abortions which in other word also known as miscarriages. Babies can born with low birth weight, low birth length, and with a small head circumference resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. Some of the other effects caused by maternal drinking ranges from an increase in the number of stillbirths, an increase in the number of birth defects, increased developmental delays to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and an increased death rate. If a child needs to be diagnosed for FAS, then the child must have a distinct pattern of facial dysmorphia, growth problems, and evidence of abnormality in his central nervous system (CNS). (Beattie et al. 1983; Caley et al. 2005) Facial Dysmorphia: For diagnosing facial dysmorphia, three facial characteristics are required which is a smooth philtrum, a thin vermillion, and a small palpebral fissures based on racial norms. (Connolly-Ahern and Broadway, 2008). Growth Problems : A diagnosis of a child suffe ring from FAS requires confirmation of growth deficits including prenatal or postnatal height or weight, or both, at or below the 10th percentile, documented at any one point in time adjusted for age, sex, gestational age, race or ethnicity.( Connolly-Ahern and Broadway, 2008). CNS Abnormalities: There are three categories on which children with FAS have been diagnosed. One of them is structural abnormalities which consist

Methodology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Methodology - Research Paper Example he similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative research will be discussed to provide a clear understanding of the research method used for the study. The main objectives of the research are derived from the literature review is to examine: â€Å"Change Management and Leadership in the context of implementing a Positive Behaviour and Support model in a School environment.† The main aim of this research is to study the effects of the PBIS action plan on the secondary students of Al Amanah College. The research tries to strike a balance between the benefits of implementing PBIS, and its overall impact on the school as a whole. The study enables the researcher to gain the perspective of both the students and the parents on the benefits of implementing the PBIS systems within the school. This chapter further discusses how this balance will be struck and how the research provides a clear understanding of the effects of the PBIS action plan on the secondary students of Al Amanah College. Action research is the methodology used for this research. â€Å"Action research...aims to contribute both to the practical concerns of people in an immediate problematic situation and to further the goals of social science simultaneously.   Thus, there is a dual commitment in action research to study a system and concurrently to collaborate with members of the system in changing it in what is together regarded as a desirable direction.   Accomplishing this twin goal requires the active collaboration of researcher and client, and thus it stresses the importance of co-learning as a primary aspect of the research process† (O’Brien, 1998). The main aim of action research is to ensure complete accuracy and focusing on the data collected to ensure validity and reliability. Significant tends to be spent on â€Å"refining the methodological tools to suit the exigencies of the situation, and on collecting, analyzing, and presenting data on an ongoing, cyclical basis†

Chinas One Party System Analysis

Chinas One Party System Analysis Zhiting Liu One-party system and multi-party system, how about China? As people know, most of the countries in the world they implement the multi-party system, like in U.S.A, UK and Germany. However, some of the countries use the one-party system to manage the government, like in China, North Korea and Cuba. So, what’s the different with one-party system and multi-party system and which one is the best one in the world? There are many question of the people, and people always argument with it. In my opinion, the United States is a dictatorship, but was a â€Å"clever dictatorship†, China have its own feature model of one-party system and people need for an effective monitoring system. So, what is the one-party system? And what is the multi-party system? One-party system is a type of state in which a single political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution. All other parties are either outlawed or allowed to take only a limited and controlled participation in elections (Wiki, 2014). And a multi-party system is a system in which multiple political parties have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition (Wiki, 2012). When people talk the party system, they always talk the one-party system is dictatorship and multi-party system is democratic. In fact, multi-party system can have authoritarian and one-party system also can have democracy. And if talks about the dictatorship and democratic, we need to explain it first. The most primitive dictatorship is in the ancient China of Qin dynasty, the emperors said Shi Wu Ju Xi Jie Jue Yu Shang(Sima Qian, shih chi), these Chinese characters mean all the events need decided by the emperor. However as history goes, the connotation of dictatorship was shifted, in nowadays it is: A few people with their own will to governing the behavior of most people. Indeed, the countries such as the United States also have this. This will be talked about later. And the democracy, it is divided into great democracy and small democracy, great democracy is a kind of denial of governmental authority, the people were completely manage the country. In fact, the Chinese Cultural Revolution is an extreme great democracy. And the cost of great democracy is Chaos. Small democracy is a behavior which part of the people in a small range to management themselves. Small democracy is scientific and feasible, because the wisdom of ordinary people is limited, for their side of things, the management is reasonable and capable, but for high-level national policy it could not, even if they are given a great democracy with limited management power, they can easily be swayed by some political forces, thus becoming a puppet dictatorship under the guise of democracy. At first, how multi-party dictatorship. For example, in the United States, the United States is a two-party country. The two parties in the political philosophy of the left (Democrat) and the right (Republicans), but the two parties are deeply influenced by American consortium. The United States is the kingdom of money first, money can control the politic and it is legitimate. When in every general election, the major consortia will selected a good team, and be the financial assistant of their contestants†, they establishment of various campaign funds, go canvassing the people and make momentum to get votes. Theres only one US president is not receiving any money support and got success in the history of the United States presidential election, that is Lincoln. When the contestants successful campaign to become US president candidate, he is bound to reciprocate the consortium which support him. Certainly, his returns are not increased tax and other fees then repay to them, but the bias of the policy. For example, in some way George W. Bush launched the Iraq war was a feedback to the US arms group. This is the issue of administrative aspects. In the legislation part, although the Member of Parliament in the United States was elected by the popular vote, but they dont have an effective monitoring mechanism. Thats mean when a person becomes member, before end of the term, he is unfettered, so he get bribe from a big consortia is a very easy thing to do. If a bill is being reviewed but is conflict of interest, then there is no guarantee of stakeholders who would think some distorted ideas. This is a test of Members, but in this time, Members are not subject to the supervision and restriction by other agencies, so he could reasonably have been legally inclined to support or deny a bill, then get the benefits from one of the stakeholders. As long as a good price then there is no need to tangle up for re-election. For this hidden dictatorship, how many people can perceive it? In fact, as long as the control of the executive power (President) and legislative (Congress) it will be able to completely control the politics of a country, and in a country where money is worshipped, in fact, the money is in charge of everything. However, the spokesperson of money is consortiums and capitalists. In essence, the United States is a dictatorship, but a clever dictatorship. The American two-party system, in essence, is representing supported their capitalist camp, but nothing on the concept of fine-tuning, the Republican Party is absolutely conservative, and it always tend to be protect by big capitalists. The Democratic Party is relatively aggressive, they tend to give benefit to the general public. But what is for their shareholders to speak? Such as the fail policy like Obamas health Insuranceâ€Å", who can give financial support to this. Though my primary example is America, I want to briefly mention that these principles can also be observed in European political parties. The European political parties actually almost as same as America, if the West countries is absolutely democratic politics, then why do they not allow the ruling is a Communist Party candidate? Almost every Western country has the presence of the Communist Party, but all of them receive severe pressure. From this point of, the Western democracy is nothing but a hypocritical rule tool. Then lets see the strengths and weaknesses of one-party system. The first advantage of one-party system is its strong ability to mobilize. It means concentrating power, then we cannot ignore the economic miracles of the Soviet Union and the economic miracles which was being staged in China, both of them are faster than the capitalist countries when they development in the capital accumulation stage. The development results in Western countries are cost two or three decades. But in the Soviet Union and China, both of them were only need to take two or three five-year plan. (Wiki, 2014) One-party state, especially the Communist Party of the State, its national mobilization capability is very powerful, it will be better able to respond to some of the major events, such as war, from the Soviet Union to North Korea, the countries which are really powerful. The disadvantage of the one-party is the abuse of its strong mobilize ability. Since the individual level issues, the direction of the Communist Party of mobilization is not necessarily correct, such as the year of the Soviet Union, the government mobilize the national forces to engage in an arms race, and finally it was lead to economic stagnation and coup. And now, in the North Korea, the government regardless of peoples life, the country is to engage in military-first policy. And now Chinese official is too much lay emphasis on speed of economic development and neglects other aspects of construction and so on, this is an abuse of mobilization capacity, which is the foreign people who always talks the dictatorship of one-party system. Before I discuss the advantages of Chinas current one-party system and the advantage of multi-party system. At first we need to have a clear concept of the one party system and Chinas current one-party system, they are not a same thing. Although it is undeniable that Chinas current one-party system has many problems, but cannot be generalized. One-party system could have a variety of modes, for example, one-party system in A-mode, B-mode single-party system, C mode one party system, etc. If now China is use an A-model party system, and its not very suitable, it’s not mean that the party system B mode is not good either. As another example, a foreigner practicing the Chinese Kungfu, and he do the terrible job, but you cannot deduce the Chinese Kungfu is very bad in itself, this is the truth. Therefore, if the Chinas current one-party system are different with the normally one-party system or have some problems, that you can understand this is a new model of one-party management which are more suitable with Chinas policy and social. And China still need time to modified the issue and make it completely. In the March 3rd, 2010, there was a news posted in the Singapore’s newspaper, the tittle is: â€Å"Comparative Politics: Why Chinas one-party system is superior to the Western multiparty system.† (Newspaper, 2010) In this whole article, the author gives six advantages of China’s current one-party system. One of the advantages of Chinas one-party system is that the country can develop a national long-term development plan and maintain the stability of the policy, it didnt effect by different political party which have the different positon. The first part is the advantage of one-party system, its the powerful ability of mobilize, needless to say anymore. The second advantage of Chinas one-party system is the high efficiency. For the challenges and opportunities China can make timely and effective response, especially in response to sudden disaster events. The word High efficiency is used inappropriately. In fact, its still talks about the national mobilization, with the ability of Western countries, they are difficult to achieve effectively mobilize from the whole society, it is the disadvantaged of their ability to mobilize. But with the high efficiency is not an appropriate word to sum up the truth, because the Western countries they are advanced in science or technology and in the field of efficiency significantly they are higher than China. In the other side Science and Technology is the driving force of its wealth creation. The third advantage of Chinas one-party, is in this particular period of social transition, the government can effectively curb the spread of corruption. For the part three, it is obviously nonsense, because under the current one-party system which corruption is impossible to get effective control. In the Chinese one-party system it was absence of have an effective monitoring mechanism. Is the government suppress the corruption, we cannot see it, because we can only get the news which is the government want us to know. But if China can develop an effective monitoring mechanism in the future, then the one-party system can really more effective than a multiparty system to curb corruption. Because when that system have the power to protect the people, ordinary people can exert a greater influence on personnel appointment and dismissal, while the peoples passion of bottom level for fighting corruption is not self-evident, therefore, anti-corruption efforts can be more efficient operation in support of its system. In contrast, multi-party system, if party A corruption, they change to Party B, then Party B and back again corrupt party A, and so forth, the result is still the same. Taiwan does not is a vivid example? DPP ousted the KMT and they do the same thing (Truth in Taiwan, 2010). Therefore, the key to solve the eradication of corruption is not one-party or multi-party system, but the people become an effective monitoring mechanism. Chinas fourth one-party Advantage is the Chinese government it is a more accountable government. If it is a one-party ruling, it must take full responsibility for all the acts. And for the multi-party ruling, actually they always have a new beginning after the election, to know the stand or fall of a political party, just look the election. For normally people, they are not choose the best, just drive away the worst. They always only hold â€Å"this is not the best, but have no choice attitude to towards the new ruling party. As for the one-party system, although normally people do not have the opportunity to choose another, but they can reasonably and lawfully to oversight and reform the government. So, the multi-party system of government needs to take more responsibility, and to take full responsibility for their words and deeds, so that people do not have elections in the game again and again to choose more responsible government Chinas one-party advantage fifth is that in personnel training and selection mechanisms the government can avoid the waste of talent. This is completely nonsense, because the one-party system China has screened talent people earlier and only those talent who support their can get a good development, the other people who was nonsupport government not only give up them, but also given pressure, thats the causing many of peoples go abroad and live overseas. In that moment, the multi-party system countries develop a training system capable of supporting the all intellectuals, and theres no political part to affect them to study and get development. The Sixth advantage of Chinas one-party system is that it can truly representative referendum. For this section and the status quo it was seem to have a very big contrast. Because the people who live in one-party system countries they always get unfair threat, but in the multi-party system countries people were feel freedom. Overall, according to the opinion of Max, a mature party system is better than a multi-party system, but nowadays the one-party system is not mature so there is not happened. Whether a one-party system or a multi-party system, all need people to supervise, we need a completely monitoring mechanism. The monitoring mechanism of Multi-party is election system, but it is too irresponsible, it only show a complete new name after the election, there are no major aspects of change, and it only mend small ways to cope the voter’s trouble. And the monitoring mechanism of Chinas one-party have not been established. As long as China can develop an effective monitoring mechanism of the one-party system, like allow the normal people to participate in the personnel appointment and removal, it is more effective and more democratic than the way of voters evaluate. Reference page One-party System.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Nov. 2014. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. Multi-party System.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Nov. 2014. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. â€Å"Shi Wu Ju Xi Jie Jue Yu Shang† Sima Qian. Shih Chi, 101-104 BC. â€Å"Five year plan† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 24 Nov. 2014. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. â€Å"Comparative Politics: Why Chinas one-party system is superior to the Western multiparty system.† Song Luzheng. Singapore united news, March 3rd, 2010. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. KMT vs DPP. Truth in Taiwan. Truth in Taiwan, 21 May 2010. Web. 24 Nov. 2014.

The Caucasus, Madagascar and Caribbean Islands: Biodiversity Hotspots

Biodiversity Hotspots The Caucasus: The Caucasus hotspot, historically interpreted as the area of land between the Black and Caspian seas, covers a total area of 580,000 km. Located at a biological crossroads, species from Central and Northern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa mingles here with endemics found nowhere else. One of the most biologically rich regions on Earth, the Caucasus is among the planet’s 25 most diverse and endangered hotspots. The Caucasus is one of WWF’s Global 200 ‘ecoregions’ identified as globally outstanding for biodiversity.The Caucasus has also been named a large herbivore hotspot by WWF’s Large Herbivore Initiative. Eleven species of large herbivores, as well as five large carnivores, are found over a relatively small area to be endemic. The 2002 IUCN Red List identifies 50 species of globally threatened animals and one plant in the Caucasus. Among the IUCN species, 18 have restricted ranges or are e ndemics. The Caucasus Mountains harbor a wealth of highly sought after medical and decorative plants, as well as a vast endemism of plant communities. [pic]Spanning the borders of six countries, the Caucasus hotspot is a globally significant center of cultural diversity, where a multitude of ethnic groups, languages and religions intermingle over a relatively small area. Close cooperation across borders will be required for conservation of unique and threatened ecosystems, while helping to foster peace and understanding in an ethnically diverse region with a history of contrasting political and religious views. The Caucasus is a hotspot of plant and animal species diversity and endemism important for the conservation of biodiversity on a global scale.High levels of landscape diversity in the Caucasus are largely the result of altitude variability in the region. The unique geology and terrain, consisting of three major mountain chains separated by valleys and plains, permit a variety of different microclimate, soil and vegetative conditions. Climatic conditions are very diverse, with precipitation ranging from more than 4,000 mm per year in the southwestern Caucasus to less than 200 mm a year in deserts in the eastern Caucasus. These wide ranges of climatic conditions are a key factor that makes this area such a biologically important area.The Caribbean islands: [pic] The Caribbean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot is exceptionally important for global biodiversity conservation, due to high levels of species endemism and threat. The Caribbean is home to approximately 11,000 plants species, of which 72% are endemic to the region. The vertebrates are also characterized by extremely high levels of endemism: 100% of 189 amphibian species, 95% of 520 reptile species, 74% of 69 mammal species and 26% of 564 species birds are unique to the Caribbean Islands.In terms of endemism at the genus (biological classification of living organisms) ranking level, it ranks third among the world’s 34 Biodiversity Hotspots with 205 plants and 65 vertebrate genera endemic to the islands. Species restricted to the Caribbean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot represent 2. 6% of the world’s 300,000 plants species and 3. 5% of the world’s 27,298 vertebrate species). The high level of biological diversity in the Caribbean is due to several factors. During the early Cretaceous (120 to 140 million years b. ), a chain of volcanic islands (called Proto-Antilles) began to emerge along the eastern edge of the Caribbean Plate in the Pacific Ocean. The plate drifted eastward serving as a stepping-stone route exchange of terrestrial organisms between two previously separated regions. By the Eocene era (58 million years a. c), the core of the Greater Antilles achieved their present positions. The Lesser Antilles are the active remnants of an ancient volcanic chain, and are younger than the Greater Antilles.Several islands have particularly rugged and mountainous la ndscapes separated by large stretches of sea, which resulted in the isolation of populations. The Caribbean has suffered from high levels of habitat loss since the arrival of Europeans in the 1490s. This destruction has reduced the hotspot’s original estimated 229,549km2 of natural vegetation to just 22,955km2(or just 10%). The loss of native habitat combined with other threat factors, such as introduced (alien invasive) species, has resulted in severe and widespread degradation of the Caribbean’s unique biodiversity.Currently, 755 plants and vertebrate species are at risk of extinction, making the region one of the biodiversity hotspots holding the most globally threatened species. Madagascar: [pic] Madagascar is an island off the coast of Africa which is known to have some of the world's most interesting animals. It has a land area of 600,461 km?. About 80 percent of the species found in Madagascar live nowhere else on the planet. Madagascar is the forth largest isla nd in the world and broke away from the mainland about 160 million years ago. Therefore, the hotspot is a living example of species evolution in isolation.Despite close proximity to Africa, the islands do not share any of the typical animal groups of nearby Africa, making Madagascar home to a vast variety of endemic species. The island contains 5% of animal and plant species on Earth, with 80% endemic to the island. Madagascar is thought to have 11,600 endemic species of plant, 57 threatened endemic birds and 51 threatened endemic mammals. 18,482km of the island is protected land. Western areas of the island consist of dry savannah with deserts found in central regions. The eastern side of Madagascar facing the Indian Ocean is tropical rainforest with a high level of rainfall.The island is also host to several high mountain ecosystems. These biomes each support contrasting species, portraying the contrasting ecoregions in Madagascar. Madagascar and the surrounding islands have a tot al of eight plant families, four bird families, and five primate families that live nowhere else on Earth. Madagascar has more than 50 lemur species which are commonly associated with the island and are the focal point for conservation. The carnivorous fossa is another example of an endemic species as well as six Baobab species (huge trees with wide stumps).There are so many species endemic to Madagascar that some ecologists have called it â€Å"the eighth continent†. Many of these species, such as the fossa, are now considered to be an endangered species, with only about 2,500 mature fossa individuals in existence. Tenrecs, a family of small omnivorous mammals, primarily find their home on Madagascar, with 30 species found only there, and just 3 on the African mainland. There are numerous other species endemic to Madagascar, including 14 unique rodents, 15 species of bat, various chameleons and geckos, over a hundred birds, and hundreds of beetles and other insects.Conservat ion efforts must proceed aggressively to preserve this unique Madagascar fauna. Specific locations in Madagascar which are renowned for high biodiversity are situated on the eastern coast which is mainly tropical rainforest. These areas have year-round warmth and receive a lot of rainfall. Interestingly, the soils in the rainforest are poor because most of the biomes nutrients are locked up in the vegetation. In terms of flagship species in Madagascar, Baobabs are considered to be flagship trees for landscape conservation in western Madagascar, unique and individual features to the island landscape.Madagascar has seven of the world's eight Baobab tree species, six of them endemic to the island. Another endemic flagship plant to the island is the traveler's tree or palm, pollinated by the island's flagship vertebrate species, the lemurs. The tomato frog is a flagship amphibian of Madagascar, found only in a small corner of northeastern Madagascar. Threats to biodiversity Of the 10,00 0 plants native to Madagascar, 90% are found nowhere else in the world. Madagascar's varied fauna and flora are endangered by human activity, as a third of its native vegetation has disappeared since the 1970s, and only 18% remains intact.However, there are several national parks which have been established to help protect many of the endemic species. Extensive deforestation has taken place in parts of the country, reducing certain forest habitat and applying pressure to some endangered species. Madagascar has a population growth rate of approximately 3%, therefore, with a growing population, more of the islands endemic species become at risk due to the increase in human activity and development.

Pre Internet Rules Or New Rules - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3494 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Internet Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? In 1996 at a conference on cyber-law, Judge Frank Easterbrook of the US Court of Appeals gave a presentation on Property in Cyberspace in which he argued that cyber-law as a strand of law did not exist, for the same reasons that there was not a law of the horse. He argued that Teaching 100 per cent of the cases on people kicked by horses will not convey the law of torts very well He believed that existing law would be able to convey all the salient points of cyber-law, and therefore it would be better if it was not taught, or did not exist. I am going to use his Horse Law as the basis for this essay and outline the way that pre-internet laws work in cyberspace (if indeed they do); identifying where real-world analogies are brought into the law by the courts and seeing where the law now is terms of cyberspace regulation. I will focus mainly on the criminal law, as civil regulation online has grown up mostly around business practices, and criminal law has and nee ds to be addressed by the Government. Are laws technologically-neutral? Should they be? Lawrence Lessig wrote a reply  [3]  to Easterbrook, which argued that We see something when we think about the regulation of cyberspace that other areas would not show us. Lessig did not defend horse law, but defended cyber-law from being ejusdem generis with it. Lessig believed that The anonymity and multi-jurisdictionality of cyberspace makes control by government in cyberspace impossible, and that made cyber-law unique and worthy of study. Lessig concludes the essay by predicting the values of real-space sovereigns will at first lose out during the growth of the Internet, and that part of cyber-laws job is to monitor the interactions and inevitable growth and change of these sovereigns in cyberspace. It seems that if you build it, they will come. But academic debate on cyber-law as a subject did not end there. Sommer  [4]  argues, like Easterbrook, that cyberspace is not a new pl ace for new laws but a new place for old laws. He believes that it will take a while for new practices to develop that need new laws  [5]  . He draws analogy with wire transfers referencing Article 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code, which codified over a century of wire transfer law, yet was built on no prior statute. So will cyber statutes or laws merely codify existing practices into a new arena? Or will they be new and different? In 1984, two hackers called Stephen Gold and Robert Schifreen gained access to BTs Prestel network and started series of (nearly) harmless pranks within the network  [6]  . They were eventually caught and charged with an offence contrary to s.1 of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981, which states A person is guilty of forgery if he makes a false instrument, with the intention that he or another shall use it to induce somebody to accept it as genuine, and by reason of so accepting it to do or not to do some act to his own or any other perso ns prejudice. This seemed like the best charge that existed under the common law at the time, and on conviction the defendants appealed. Both the Court of Appeal  [7]  and the House of Lords  [8]  held that the instrument to which the offence referred to could not be forced to apply to electronic impulses, under s.8(1)(d) of the Act. Essentially, there was not an offence that existed that seemed to cater for the actions they pursued. The case of Gold and the increasing computerisation of important functions in numerous industries led to the Law Commission Report, Computer Misuse  [9]  where a new offence of unauthorised access was advocated. This eventually became law in the form of the Computer Misuse Act 1990 (CMA). The CMA was written in a deliberately ambiguous style. Murray says it is well designed, mainly due to the fact that it avoids colloquial terms,  [10]  which would be hard to define by anyone familiar with them, let alone a court. The CMA was desig ned to catch a broad variety of activity and define it as criminal. But is this a good thing? It needed a lot of definition when it came to its application. Before Cropp  [11]  and the subsequent clarification  [12]  it was not even clear if two separate computers are required for an offence. It was this clarification that led to spate of employee-access cases that defined what the majority of the CMA offences would be. It took several years for a case on the CMA to land at an appeal court, in the form of DPP v Bignell.  [13]  Like many that had preceded it,  [14]  Bignell involved access to the Police National Computer (PNC). But the defence raised by the defendants was interesting, and according to a literal interpretation of the CMA correct. The offence of which they were charged was s.1 of the CMA, which criminalised access but not unauthorised use of authorised access. This was held by Astill J to be the correct. The CMA and its ambiguous wording had failed in that it hadnt criminalised some extra-curricular behaviour. The defendant was authorised to access the PNC but did so on that occasion for an unauthorised purpose. It is worthy to note that Astill J thought that a charge under s.5 of the Data Protection Act 1984 (DPA) would have been more appropriate.  [15]  This seems to be why he was reluctant to make the offence fit the crime, similar to the approach in Gold. We have had two examples so far of cases failing against defendants because they were charged with offences that were either not intended to apply to computer misuse or lacked enough definition to be clear. One technologically-neutral and the other so generic that it could almost be construed as such. Is this a reluctance of the courts to evolve cyber-law themselves or the Crown trying to make do without proper cyber-law? Two years after Bignell, the House of Lords revisited the same point of law regarding s.1 of the CMA and overruled it  [16]  . Accessing a uthorised data for unauthorised purposes was found to be within the remit of s.1. But was this stretching the law too far? It seems to broaden the scope of the CMA to include the specific offences in s.5 of the DPA 1994. Is it just to have two offences for the same action? Despite the final success for the Crown with regards to employee access, the CMA was clearly lacking in one major, developing area: Denial of Service or Distributed Denial of Service (DoS or DDoS) attacks. Murray stated that those engaged in DDoS attacks would probably only be liable for the installation of the Trojan software not the attack itself Legally this meant the UK was failing in its duties under the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime  [17]  .  [18]  This became one of the reasons behind the amendments of the CMA in s35-38 of the Police and Justice Act 2006. The amended CMA included provisions designed to catch DDoS attacks like s.3(2)(a) (guilty of an offence if he intends) to impair t he operation of any computer. But were these modifications necessary? It seems that one of the main victims of DDoS attacks were online gambling websites  [19]  but beyond this industry, were there people in need of protection? DDoS attacks are hard to relate to any real-space offence or law, with would seem to weaken Easterbrooks argument. It is hard to reconcile any of these actions and crimes with a real-space offence. There have been many attempts by the judiciary to do so, but why? Is it to explain the offence and reasoning to those reading the judgement? To help make sense of the actions to themselves? Why do these unnecessary allegories exist? An act of computer misuse does not only become a crime when it can be compared to a real-space offence. If this were the case, then to apply the Horse Law theory, any cases involving horses would have to be compared with humans, or perhaps objects. In DPP v Lennon  [20]  an ex-employee of a company was charged with an o ffence under s.3 of the original CMA. Lennon had used a mail-bombing program to send 5,000,000 emails to the company server, causing it to crash. This is a form of DoS attack, and the amended section s.3 was written to deal exactly with this type of action. In defence, Lennon submitted that he had no case to answer as the sending of the emails was not unauthorised, as he the server was designed to receive emails, and that was all he had done the quantity was immaterial. This defence succeeded at first instance, and the Crown appealed to the High Court, arguing that there was a difference between spam and bona fide communication, and that difference was consent.  [21] Jack J upheld the appeal, and reasoned by comparing the sending of an email to that of a person walking up a garden path of a private house. There is an implied consent that a person can walk up a path if going to deliver a letter, or wants to speak to the person inside, but the homeowner does not consent to a bur glar on the path or the letterbox being stuffed with rubbish. Jack J likened this last point to the result of Lennons actions. A bona fide email would have been accepted, but not the spam. This raises two points, however. Would just sending one hoax email have been a crime? One email would have been less likely to be considered an offence under the CMA. So the correct analogy would surely be that of posting 5,000,000 letters in separate trips up a garden path. Secondly why was the analogy needed? It was likely needed to justify stretching s.3 to fit a DoS attack. This and the above cases like Gold and Bignell involving statute stretched to breaking point illustrate that the CMA, as vague as it was, desperately needed the update that the PCJA gave it. It is also worth asking if using a mail-bombing program from one machine would these days cause a slow-down of a company server. The increase in broadband speeds  [22]  could well mean that DDoS now has to be used rather than a DoS attack. The upload speed of connections still lags significantly behind download speeds and Lennons emails would be likely to have little effect on a modern server. So this case could be argued to be out of date both in its point of law (as the amended s.3 now caters for DoS attacks) and it now would be technologically unlikely that a single machine can slow down a server. So now where does Horse Law stand? In Lennon, a real-world analogy had to be drawn to make the offence fit the actions. This would support Easterbrooks theory, in that the offence had to have a real world basis to work. But the court should not have had to resort to that as the amendments were already on the way. The relevant addition for Lennon, was s.3(2)(a): to impair the operation of any computer Could this have a real world counterpart? Perhaps slowing down a postman? Removing a garden path? These analogies start to fall down when you continue the metaphor. If cyber-law were truly Horse Law they would sur ely stand up? So far this essay has concentrated mainly on criminal law, and since Easterbrooks original title was Property in Cyberspace civil law must be considered also. Contract law is an area that has had a great deal to do with the early computer age e-commerce and the larger technology companies that exist today could not have prospered as they have done without contract law. Murray argues that this is the cornerstone of a modern society, and remains true of todays information society.  [23]  Contract law and the Internet has been given a good overview in Murrays book, but more detailed analysis will be brought to the analogies that the courts have applied to bring contact law into the 20th century, decades before the Internet. As already mentioned in Sommers article, there have been rules and practices relating to instant communication, with the emphasis on money transfer or contract formation, for over a century. The courts have had ample time to develop the law on its use. The Postal Rule applies in contracts made by non-instantaneous means of communication, and means that as soon as the acceptance of an offer is posted, the contract is formed. For instant communication like telex, telephone or fax, the contract is concluded when the acceptance is received by the offeror.  [24]  Lord Dennings famous passage at 332-334 can be applied easily to contracts online. Email is a good example of the postal rule still functioning online email is not perfect, not instantaneous and there is no sure-fire way to confirm that an email was received or read. So, the postal rule applies. When purchasing products online, some online retailers specify in the terms and conditions that the contract is concluded only when a dispatch confirmation email is sent.  [25]  This seems a good example of Sommers idea that cyberspace didnt bring about new practices, so old law can still be used to regulate it. But what forms of instant communication exist on t he Internet that are used to conclude contracts? Instant Messaging (IM) is one of the first, and oldest,  [26]  methods of communication online, but is it ever used to conclude contracts? The author would suggest not, although lately there has been an increase in companies offering live help via a flash chatbox, as a form of customer support.  [27]  But to think of a contract being finalised over that medium would be a great leap. In any case, if it were, then it is likely that the rules applicable to Telex, confirmed in Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandels GmbH  [28]  would apply. So where is Horse Law now? What effects are technology and the Internet having on older areas of law? Easterbrook and Sommer would believe that Internet Law is just a new area in which old laws can fill, but what about the Internet changing old law? One area where the Internet has had a great effect is injunctions. This equitable remedy available to prevent damaging information being made public, which effectively restricts the press, cannot stand once the information is already out there.  [29]  This exception to injunctions has been used recently to bring about the end of injunctions in a unique way, usually using social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter  [30]  . The Trafigura case broke because the MPs question in Parliament was being circulated on Twitter, so the information was out there. When allegations involving the private life of John Terry, the Captain of the England Football team surfaced, an injunction was not granted as the information was already out there and he would be unlikely to defeat the public interest defence.  [31] These cases show that Internet innovations can have a great bearing on areas of law once thought settled. It is not just old areas of law coming on to the Internet, but Internet phenomenon changing the way other areas of law act. How would it be best to study these interactions? The Internet def eating injunctions could be taught under Defamation, but where to tie all together as part of a larger debate about Internet governance? The social media cases have used the spotlight Lessig introduced to illuminate chinks in the armour of settled areas of law. Just as the Spycatcher book was for sale to commuters at train stations, the latest celebrity scandal arrives via an anonymous tweet. It is all but unstoppable, and at the very most, organisations seem to be only able to delay the information getting out. But where does legislation stand on cyber-law since the CMA amendments? In the wash-up of Parliament before the 2010 General Election, the government pushed forward the controversial Digital Economy Act 2010 (DEA). But recently Talk Talk and BT, two ISPs, have been granted a judicial review of the Act by the High Court.  [32]  What the most important provisions in the Act, though, are relating to punishments for copyright infringement. Section 9 deals with most of the se, and includes provisions that allow the Secretary of State to direct OFCOM to assess whether technical measures should be implemented in cases of persistent infringement. The fullest extend of the measures allows Ofcom to force ISPs to suspend the service provided to the subscriber.  [33]  Leaving aside the arguments about Internet access as a human right, this provision does not fit in well with the Horse Law theory. For Easterbrook to be correct, the provision would have to have some other application in real-space or a use away from cyber-law. This is not now just an analysis of an unruly horse damaging property, but an internet-only provision. There is no real world equivalent of cutting someone off from the Internet. People are not banned from using telephones, roads or public transport generally, yet here we have a provision which can restrict access to a vital part of a modern society. The author now argues that Horse Law has come full-circle and has ended. In contr ast with the vague terminology of the 1990 CMA, the DEA is explicit as to its technical terms and definitions. It uses phrases like internet service providers and requires information to be sent to the electronic or postal address held by the internet service provider for the subscriber.  [34]  Although the Act is careful not to mention email directly, the inclusion of a provision specifically allowing for contact electronically would have been unthinkable a decade ago. To show advances in understanding recently, he law has allowed contact via a variety of new mediums;  [35]  and these little inroads technology and Internet are making into the legal system are further evidence of cyber-law being an individual subject. The DEA was not technologically neutral. The language and definition make that clear, and despite virtuous arguments about the practicability of the measures themselves, this Act would find it hard to function correctly beyond cyber-law if it were technologi cally neutral. If it were technologically neutral, it would make no sense at all, perhaps having to refer to restriction of access to a series of network of services. It would be so generic and its language would refer to a looming elephant in the room. It would be make little sense. In recent years there has been an increase in laws surrounding the use of the Internet and computers. Some have related to civil law and some criminal. The initial civil provisions seem to have had more success that the criminal law, owing much to the fact that practices havent changed greatly with technology, but have increased in speed. A letter in the post may take two days and emailing to conclude a contract can take two minutes, but still get lost along the way. This supports part Sommers argument well, in that the Internet was not a place to develop new practices, just a place for old practices to move into. It also helps that the instant communication of the 20th century paved the way for civi l law online, with business developing practices that were adopted universally to promote certainty filling in the gaps. With regards to criminal actions and consequences, initially the CPS tried to shoe-horn new actions into old laws, and the courts seem stuck on the idea that computer crimes need to be compared to real-world crimes for them to make sense. But it is not known to whom the explanation is owed (the author hopes it is not the judiciary themselves). To many people today, even an offence as specific (and technically useless) as it is an offence to access the C: drive of anothers computer without permission would make sense and need no analogy to translate into the real world. Technologically neutral laws have been tried and failed; even widely generic laws havent worked properly until an update. It is now clear that the laws that do work are ones that take into account the exact purpose and authorisation of the people involved (Allison). Cyber-laws need to be techn ologically aware and precise, because that is part of the nature of computers themselves. But they also need to avoid slang in order to target people who would try and argue a defence on a definition of a word that doesnt exist outside of a message board. A description of the effects of the actions, as the CMA does, is a good idea place to start. This is how many criminal laws have worked for over a hundred years (Offences Against the Person Act 1861) and how computer laws should work. The CMA describes slowing down computer, which works. It would be wrong to talk about a botnet. Drafting legislation to know about computers and be technologically-aware is important, but at the same time it must not try and use static definitions likely to change. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pre Internet Rules Or New Rules" essay for you Create order